Synthesis and Biological Applications of Roasted Foxnut-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis of Roasted Foxnut-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles

Beenish Khanzada; Abdul Nabi Mirjat; Aftab Ahmed Khand; Nimra Faiz; Muzammil Latif; . Mahnoor; Areeba Ali

doi:10.54393/fbt.v6i2.235

Authors

Beenish Khanzada Institute of Biochemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Abdul Nabi Mirjat Institute of Microbiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Aftab Ahmed Khand Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Nimra Faiz Institute of Biochemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Muzammil Latif Institute of Biochemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
. Mahnoor Institute of Biochemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Areeba Ali Institute of Biochemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/fbt.v6i2.235

Keywords:

Euryale ferox, Foxnut-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles, Antioxidant Properties, Antibacterial Properties

Abstract

Nanotechnology is developing into a fast-expanding discipline with extensive use in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and environmental sciences. AgNPs have been of particular interest because of their potent antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. Objectives: To synthesize silver nanoparticles using roasted foxnut (Euryale ferox) extract, which was utilized as an eco-friendly and cost-effective green method. Methods: A green method involving the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using roasted foxnut (Euryale ferox) extract was utilized in the current study as an eco-friendly and cost-effective green method. The roasted foxnut extract acted as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. Silver nanoparticles were prepared by combining foxnut extract with silver nitrate solution, and the formation of silver nanoparticles was observed by a change in color of the light-yellow solution to brown. To ascertain the formation of nanoparticles, also the functional groups involved in their formation, UV-Visible spectroscopy and FTIR assisted in characterizing the nanoparticles. To determine the biological potential of the nanoparticles synthesized, antioxidant and antibacterial assays were conducted. Results: The antioxidant activity of nanoparticles was tested at 500 ppm and 1000 ppm with the assistance of the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA was used, and SPSS version 22.0 was used. The results were statistically significant (p˂0.05) with higher scavenging efficiency observed at 1000 ppm. The agar well diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: Roasted foxnut extract-derived silver nanoparticles used in biomedical and pharmaceutical fields should be emphasized owing to significant antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

References

Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Nowfal SH, Braim FS, Abdullah W, Kasasbeh WH et al. Sustainable Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Safer Biomedical Application. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 2025 Apr; 13(2): 115998. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2025.115998.

Shahzadi S, Fatima S, Shafiq Z, Janjua MR. A Review on Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (SNps) Using Plant Extracts: A Multifaceted Approach in Photocatalysis, Environmental Remediation, and Biomedicine. Royal Society of Chemistry advances. 2025; 15(5): 3858-903. doi: 10.1039/D4RA07519F.

Ghasemi M, Govahi M, Litkohi HR. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Chitosan-Coated Silver Nanoparticles (CS-AgNPs) Using Ferula Gummosa Boiss. Gum Extract: A Green Nano Drug for Potential Applications in Medicine. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2025 Feb; 291: 138619. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.138619.

Al-Audah SA, Alghamdi AI, Alsanie SI, Alabdalla NM, Alawdah A, Alenezi N et al. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activity Using Convolvulus arvensis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026 Jan; 27(3): 1210. doi: 10.3390/ijms27031210.

Hasanova G, Omarova S, Khalilov R, Mammadova A, Zafar M, Majeed S et al. Artemisia lerchiana Based Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: TEM Microscopy, Physicochemical, and Spectroscopic Characterization. Microscopy Research and Technique. 2026 Jan; 89(1): 148-55. doi: 10.1002/jemt.70062.

Selvam K, Ragu Prasath A, Alanazi AK. A Review of Recent Developments in Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Antioxidant and Antibacterial Applications. Microscopy Research and Technique. 2026 Jan; 89(1): 134-47. doi: 10.1002/jemt.70060.

Younus I, Yameen M, Khan SJ, Maqbool T, Sadaf F, Sadaf R et al. Anxiolytic and Antidepressant Potential of Euryale Ferox Seeds: A Pre-clinical Study. Annals of Abbasi Shaheed Hospital and Karachi Medical and Dental College. 2026 Mar; 31(1): 21-31. doi: 10.58397/agj0jp18.

Farooqi R, Maryam H, Jaffar HM, Malik T. Therapeutic Potential of Fox Nut (Euryale ferox) in Osteoarthritis Management: A Nutraceutical Approach. Food Reviews International. 2025 Aug: 1-27. doi: 10.1080/87559129.2025.2541850.

Sinha CB and Jha V. Identification of Nutraceutically Important Metabolites in Raw and Popped Makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb.) Seeds Using the GC-MS Technique. International Journal of Plant and Environment. 2025 Sep; 11(03): 514-24. doi: 10.18811/ijpen.v11i03.09.

Bhat MS and Arya SS. Esterified Unpopped Foxnut (Euryale Ferox) Starch: Molecular and Rheological Characterization. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2023 Mar; 103(5): 2492-501. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.12440.

Kapoor S, Kaur A, Kumar V, Choudhary M. Chemical, Textural, Antioxidant Potential and Sensory Characterization of Foxnut Powder (Euryale Ferox) Added Bakery Products. Nutrition and Food Science. 2024 Apr; 54(3): 547-61. doi: 10.1108/NFS-03-2023-0047.

Aguree S, Abubakar M, Mwingyine M. Comparative Phytochemistry and Antimicrobial Activities of Aqueous and Hydro-Ethanolic Extracts of Icacina Oliviformis Root Tuber and Fruit Husk Commonly Used Among Traditional Folks in Northern Ghana. The Journal of Phytopharmacology. 2025; 14(5): 320-326. doi: 10.31254/phyto.2025.14503.

Bakr OM, Amendola V, Aikens CM, Wenseleers W, Li R, Dal Negro L et al. Silver Nanoparticles with Broad Multiband Linear Optical Absorption. Angewandte Chemie. 2009 Jul; 121(32): 6035-40. doi: 10.1002/ange.200900298.

Paul TK, Jalil MA, Repon MR, Alim MA, Islam T, Rahman ST et al. Mapping the Progress in Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles with Colorimetric Sensing Applications. Chemistry and Biodiversity. 2023 Aug; 20(8): e202300510. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.202300510.

Dar NA, Dar PA, Qadir M, Shah WA. Green Synthesis and Characterization of Bioactive Silver Nanoparticles from Stachys Tibetica. Scientific Reports. 2025 Aug; 15(1): 29673. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-92507-6.

Kainat S, Gilani SR, Asad F, Khalid MZ, Khalid W, Ranjha MM et al. Determination and Comparison of Phytochemicals, Phenolics, and Flavonoids in Solanum Lycopersicum Using FTIR Spectroscopy. Food Analytical Methods. 2022 Nov; 15(11): 2931-9. doi: 10.1007/s12161-022-02344-w.

Mathew D, Sudheep NM, Thomas JB, Thomas B. Green Synthesis of Piper betle-Derived ZnO Nanoparticles for Efficient Removal of Cr (III) Ions from Dental Wastewater. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials. 2026 Jan: 1-28. doi: 10.1007/s10904-025-04156-x.

Liaquat M, Pasha I, Ahsin M, Salik A. Roasted Fox Nuts (Euryale Ferox L.) Contain Higher Concentration of Phenolics, Flavonoids, Minerals and Antioxidants, and Exhibit Lower Glycemic Index (GI) in human subjects. Food Production, Processing, and Nutrition. 2022 Jan; 4(1): 1. doi: 10.1186/s43014-021-00081-x.

Goyal R, Roy P, Jeevanandam P. Antibacterial activity studies of ZnO Nanostructures with Different Morphologies Against E. coli and S. aureus. Applied Physics A. 2023 Apr; 129(4): 244. doi: 10.1007/s00339-023-06530-3.

De Rossi L, Rocchetti G, Lucini L, Rebecchi A. Antimicrobial Potential of Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action and Microbial Responses—A Narrative Review. Antioxidants. 2025 Feb; 14(2): 200. doi: 10.3390/antiox14020200.