Eco-Friendly Synthesis Methods of Gold Nanoparticles, Their Characterization and Applications in Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Sensors : Eco-Friendly Synthesis Methods of Gold Nanoparticles

Aqsa Jamshaid; Shumaila Ibrahim; Adeeba Ali; Manam Walait; Sami Ullah; Muhammad Bin Saleem; Huda Rehman Mir

doi:10.54393/fbt.v4i01.65

Authors

Aqsa Jamshaid Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Shumaila Ibrahim Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Adeeba Ali Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Manam Walait Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Sami Ullah Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Bin Saleem Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Huda Rehman Mir Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/fbt.v4i01.65

Keywords:

Gold Nanoparticles, Surface Plasmon Resonance, Microbe-Facilitated Synthesis

Abstract

Nanoparticles have unique traits which make them useful for different purposes. Numerous methods are used to manufacture nanoparticles at commercial scale. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are one of the most utilized and preferred nanoparticles due to their traits like low resistivity, less toxicity, optical, high stability, fluorescence quenching ability, and "surface plasmon resonance". Gold nanoparticles were utilized in ancient Roman Times for staining glasses and till now their new applications are being discovered every day. Various methodologies are utilized for Gold nanoparticle synthesis including conventional chemical methods, UV rays, polymers, ultrasound, plant and microbe-mediated techniques, etc. Conventional techniques are not eco-friendly or cost-effective. Nowadays plants and microbes being cost-effective and eco-friendly are preferred for gold nanoparticle synthesis. Various extracellular, intracellular, and biomolecular techniques are being utilized to manufacture gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles have a vast scope in chemical, biomedicine, food, electronic and forensic industries. AuNPs are widely utilized as sensors, also as carriers in Drug delivery, Photothermal therapy, Heavy metal ion detection etc. This review describes various synthesis techniques, applications, and characterizations of AuNPs.

References

nu Mary Ealia S and Saravanakumar MP. A review on the classification, characterisation, synthesis of nanoparticles and their application. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2017 Nov; 263: 032019. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/263/3/032019.

Zhang G. Functional gold nanoparticles for sensing applications. Nanotechnology Reviews. 2013 Jun; 2(3): 269–88. doi: 10.1515/ntrev-2012-0088.

Katz E, and Willner I. Integrated Nanoparticle–Biomolecule Hybrid Systems: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2004 Nov; 43(45): 6042–108. doi: 10.1002/anie.200400651.

Stewart ME, Anderton CR, Thompson LB, Maria J, Gray SK, Rogers JA, et al. Nanostructured Plasmonic Sensors. Chemistry Reviews. 2008 Feb; 108(2): 494–521. doi: 10.1021/cr068126n.

Chen Y and Feng X. Gold nanoparticles for skin drug delivery. International Journal of Pharmacy. 2022 Sep; 625: 122122. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122122.

Cai F, Li J, Sun J, Ji Y. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles by biosorption using Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense MSR-1. Chemical Engineering Journal. 2011 Nov; 175: 70–5. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.09.041.

Giljohann DA, Seferos DS, Daniel WL, Massich MD, Patel PC, Mirkin CA. Gold Nanoparticles for Biology and Medicine. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2010 Apr; 49(19): 3280–94. doi: 10.1002/anie.200904359.

Amina SJ and Guo B. A Review on the Synthesis and Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery Vehicle. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2020 Dec; 15: 9823–57. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S279094.

Bao Y, He J, Song K, Guo J, Zhou X, Liu S. Plant-Extract-Mediated Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles. Pasini D, editor. Journal of Chemistry. 2021 Aug; 2021: 1–14. doi: 10.1155/2021/6562687.

Nayak S, Goveas LC, Kumar PS, Selvaraj R, Vinayagam R. Plant-mediated gold and silver nanoparticles as detectors of heavy metal contamination. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2022 Sep; 167: 113271. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113271.

Alex S and Tiwari A. Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Properties and Applications—A Review. Journal of Nano science and Nanotechnology. 2015 Mar; 15(3): 1869–94. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2015.9718.

Khan T, Ullah N, Khan MA, Mashwani Z ur R, Nadhman A. Plant-based gold nanoparticles; a comprehensive review of the decade-long research on synthesis, mechanistic aspects and diverse applications. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2019 Oct; 272: 102017. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102017.

Dong J, Carpinone PL, Pyrgiotakis G, Demokritou P, Moudgil BM. Synthesis of Precision Gold Nanoparticles Using Turkevich Method. KONA Powder and Particle Journal. 2020 Jan; 37(0): 224–32. doi: 10.14356/kona.2020011.

Herizchi R, Abbasi E, Milani M, Akbarzadeh A. Current methods for synthesis of gold nanoparticles. Artificial cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology. 2016 Feb; 44(2): 596-602. doi: 10.3109/21691401.2014.971807.

Burlacu E, Tanase C, Coman NA, Berta L. A Review of Bark-Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Applications. Molecules. 2019 Nov; 24(23): 4354. doi: 10.3390/molecules24234354.

Gürsoy N, Yilmaz Öztürk B, Dağ İ. Synthesis of intracellular and extracellular gold nanoparticles with a green machine and its antifungal activity. Turkish Journal of Biology. 2021 Apr; 45(2): 196–213. doi: 10.3906/biy-2010-64.

Sengani M, Grumezescu AM, Rajeswari VD. Recent trends and methodologies in gold nanoparticle synthesis – A prospective review on drug delivery aspect. OpenNano. 2017; 2: 37–46. doi: 10.1016/j.onano.2017.07.001.

Muddapur UM, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Mahnashi MH, Alshahrani MA, Khan AA, et al. Plant-Based Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles and Theranostic Applications: A Review. Molecules. 2022 Feb; 27(4): 1391. doi: 10.3390/molecules27041391.

Shedbalkar U, Singh R, Wadhwani S, Gaidhani S, Chopade BA. Microbial synthesis of gold nanoparticles: Current status and future prospects. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2014 Jul; 209: 40–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.12.011.

Cai F, Li S, Huang H, Iqbal J, Wang C, Jiang X. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles for immune response regulation: Mechanisms, applications, and perspectives. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A. 2022 Feb; 110(2): 424–42. doi: 10.1002/jbm.a.37281.

Maliszewska I. Microbial Mediated Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and Cytotoxicity Studies. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures. 2013 Sep; 8(3): 1123-31.

Ahmed S, Annu, Ikram S, Yudha S. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles: A green approach. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2016 Aug; 161: 141–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.034.

Rónavári A, Igaz N, Adamecz DI, Szerencsés B, Molnar C, Kónya Z, et al. Green Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Biological Synthesis Approaches and Potentials for Biomedical Applications. Molecules. 2021 Feb; 26(4): 844. doi: 10.3390/molecules26040844.

Menon S, Rajeshkumar S, Kumar V. A review on biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles, characterization, and its applications. Resource-Efficient Technologies. 2017 Dec; 3(4): 516–27. doi: 10.1016/j.reffit.2017.08.002.

Ramezani F, Ramezani M, Talebi S. Mechanistic aspects of biosynthesis of nanoparticles by several microbes. Nanocon. 2010; 10(12-14): 1-7.

Narayanan KB and Sakthivel N. Biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2010 Apr; 156(1–2): 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.02.001.

Hollmann F and Schmid A. Electrochemical Regeneration of Oxidoreductases for Cell-free Biocatalytic Redox Reactions. Biocatalysis and Biotransformation. 2004 Mar; 22(2): 63–88. doi: 10.1080/10242420410001692778.

Gericke M and Pinches A. Microbial production of gold nanoparticles. Gold Bull. 2006 Mar; 39(1): 22–8. doi: 10.1007/BF03215529.

Beveridge TJ and Murray RG. Sites of metal deposition in the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Bacteriology. 1980 Feb; 141(2): 876–87. doi: 10.1128/jb.141.2.876-887.1980.

Waghmare SS, Deshmukh AM, Sadowski Z. Biosynthesis, optimization, purification and characterization of gold nanoparticles. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 2014; 8(2): 138-46. doi: 10.5897/AJMR10.143.

Senapati S, Ahmad A, Khan MI, Sastry M, Kumar R. Extracellular Biosynthesis of Bimetallic Au–Ag Alloy Nanoparticles. Small. 2005 May; 1(5): 517–20. doi: 10.1002/smll.200400053.

Senapati S, Syed A, Moeez S, Kumar A, Ahmad A. Intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles using alga Tetraselmis kochinensis. Materials Letters. 2012 Jul; 79: 116–8. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2012.04.009.

He S, Guo Z, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Gu N. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using the bacteria Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Materials Letters. 2007 Jul; 61(18): 3984–7. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2007.01.018.

Philip D. Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 2010 Mar; 42(5): 1417–24. doi: 10.1016/j.physe.2009.11.081.

Husseiny MI, El-Aziz MA, Badr Y, Mahmoud MA. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2007 Jul; 67(3–4): 1003–6. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2006.09.028.

Kalishwaralal K, Deepak V, Ram Kumar Pandian S, Gurunathan S. Biological synthesis of gold nanocubes from Bacillus licheniformis. Bioresource Technology. 2009 Nov; 100(21): 5356–8. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.05.051.

Mukherjee P, Senapati S, Mandal D, Ahmad A, Khan MI, Kumar R, et al. Extracellular Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by the Fungus Fusarium oxysporum. ChemBioChem. 2002; 3(5): 461–3. doi: 10.1002/1439-7633(20020503)3:5<461::AID-CBIC461>3.0.CO;2-X.

Ganesh Kumar V, Dinesh Gokavarapu S, Rajeswari A, Stalin Dhas T, Karthick V, Kapadia Z, et al. Facile green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using leaf extract of antidiabetic potent Cassia auriculata. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2011 Oct; 87(1): 159–63. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.05.016.

Du L, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang E. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles assisted by Escherichia coli DH5α and its application on direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin. Electrochemistry Communications. 2007 May; 9(5): 1165–70. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.01.007.

Bindhu MR and Umadevi M. Antibacterial activities of green synthesized gold nanoparticles. Materials Letters. 2014 Apr; 120: 122–5. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.01.108.

Das SK, Dickinson C, Lafir F, Brougham DF, Marsili E. Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticles biosynthesized with Rhizopus oryzae protein extract. Green Chemistry. 2012; 14(5): 1322. doi: 10.1039/c2gc16676c.

Reddy AS, Chen CY, Chen CC, Jean JS, Chen HR, Tseng MJ, et al. Biological Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by the Bacteria Bacillus Subtilis. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2010 Oct; 10(10): 6567–74. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2010.2519.

Patil MP and Kim GD. Eco-friendly approach for nanoparticles synthesis and mechanism behind antibacterial activity of silver and anticancer activity of gold nanoparticles. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2017 Jan; 101(1): 79–92. doi: 10.1007/s00253-016-8012-8.

Song JY, Jang HK, Kim BS. Biological synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Magnolia kobus and Diopyros kaki leaf extracts. Process Biochemistry. 2009 Oct; 44(10): 1133–8. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.06.005.

Kumar A, Mandal S, Selvakannan PR, Pasricha R, Mandale AB, Sastry M. Investigation into the Interaction between Surface-Bound Alkylamines and Gold Nanoparticles. Langmuir. 2003 Jul; 19(15): 6277–82. doi: 10.1021/la034209c.

Bali R and Harris AT. Biogenic Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles Using Vascular Plants. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 2010 Dec; 49(24): 12762–72. doi: 10.1021/ie101600m.

Jiménez Pérez ZE, Mathiyalagan R, Markus J, Kim YJ, Kang HM, Abbai R, et al. Ginseng-berry-mediated gold and silver nanoparticle synthesis and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity effects on human dermal fibroblast and murine melanoma skin cell lines. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2017 Feb; 12: 709–23. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S118373.

Mashwani Z ur R, Khan MA, Khan T, Nadhman A. Applications of plant terpenoids in the synthesis of colloidal silver nanoparticles. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 2016 Aug; 234: 132–41. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.04.008.

Gardea-Torresdey JL, Parsons JG, Gomez E, Peralta-Videa J, Troiani HE, Santiago P, et al. Formation and Growth of Au Nanoparticles inside Live Alfalfa Plants. Nano Letters. 2002 Apr; 2(4): 397–401. doi: 10.1021/nl015673+.

Sharma NC, Sahi SV, Nath S, Parsons JG, Gardea- Torresde JL, Pal T. Synthesis of Plant-Mediated Gold Nanoparticles and Catalytic Role of Biomatrix-Embedded Nanomaterials. Environmental Science & Technology. 2007 Jul; 41(14): 5137–42. doi: 10.1021/es062929a.

Gangula A, Podila R, M R, Karanam L, Janardhana C, Rao AM. Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol using Biogenic Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Breynia rhamnoides. Langmuir. 2011 Dec; 27(24): 15268–74. doi: 10.1021/la2034559.

Ahmad A, Senapati S, Khan MI, Kumar R, Ramani R, Srinivas V, et al. Intracellular synthesis of gold nanoparticles by a novel alkalotolerant actinomycete, Rhodococcus species. Nanotechnology. 2003 Jul; 14(7): 824–8. doi: 10.1088/0957-4484/14/7/323.

Majumdar R, Bag BG, Ghosh P. Mimusops elengi bark extract mediated green synthesis of gold nanoparticles and study of its catalytic activity. Applied Nanosciences. 2016 Apr; 6(4): 521–8. doi: 10.1007/s13204-015-0454-2.

Daisy P and Saipriya. Biochemical analysis of Cassia fistula aqueous extract and phytochemically synthesized gold nanoparticles as hypoglycemic treatment for diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2012 Mar; 7: 1189. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S26650.

Roy N, Laskar RA, Sk I, Kumari D, Ghosh T, Begum NA. A detailed study on the antioxidant activity of the stem bark of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb., an Indian medicinal plant. Food Chemistry. 2011 Jun; 126(3): 1115–21. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.11.143.

Rakhi M and Gopal BB. Terminalia arjuna bark extract mediated size-controlled synthesis of polyshaped gold nanoparticles and its application in catalysis. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment. 2012 Oct; 2(4): 338-44.

Sujitha MV and Kannan S. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Citrus fruits (Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata and Citrus sinensis) aqueous extract and its characterization. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2013 Feb; 102: 15–23. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.09.042.

Zecca L, Youdim MBH, Riederer P, Connor JR, Crichton RR. Iron, brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2004 Nov; 5(11): 863–73. doi: 10.1038/nrn1537.

Ankamwar B, Damle C, Ahmad A, Sastry M. Biosynthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles Using Emblica officinalis Fruit Extract, Their Phase Transfer and Transmetallation in an Organic Solution. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 2005 Oct; 5(10): 1665–71. doi: 10.1166/jnn.2005.184.

Ghodake GS, Deshpande NG, Lee YP, Jin ES. Pear fruit extract-assisted room-temperature biosynthesis of gold nanoplates. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 2010 Feb; 75(2): 584–9. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.09.040.

Sathishkumar G, Jha PK, Vignesh V, Rajkuberan C, Jeyaraj M, Selvakumar M, et al. Cannonball fruit (Couroupita guianensis, Aubl.) extract mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles and evaluation of its antioxidant activity. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 2016 Mar; 215: 229-36. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.12.043.

Sarfraz N and Khan I. Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs): Properties, Synthesis and their Advanced Energy, Environmental and Biomedical Applications. Chemistry – An Asian Journal. 2021 Apr; 16(7): 720–42. doi: 10.1002/asia.202001202.

Shah M. Gold nanoparticles: various methods of synthesis and antibacterial applications. Frontiers in Biosciences. 2014; 19(8): 1320. doi: 10.2741/4284.

Ebrahimi A and Schluesener H. Natural polyphenols against neurodegenerative disorders: Potentials and pitfalls. Ageing Research Reviews. 2012 Apr; 11(2): 329–45. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.01.006.

Jayaseelan C, Ramkumar R, Rahuman AA, Perumal P. Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using seed aqueous extract of Abelmoschus esculentus and its antifungal activity. Industrial Crops and Products. 2013 Feb; 45: 423–9. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.12.019.

Hernández J, Solla-Gullón J, Herrero E. Gold nanoparticles synthesized in a water-in-oil microemulsion: electrochemical characterization and effect of the surface structure on the oxygen reduction reaction. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 2004 Dec; 574(1): 185–96. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2003.10.039.

Elavazhagan T and Arunachalam KD. Memecylon edule leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles. International Journal of Nanomedicine. 2011 Jun:1265-78. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S18347.

Connor EE, Mwamuka J, Gole A, Murphy CJ, Wyatt MD. Gold Nanoparticles Are Taken Up by Human Cells but Do Not Cause Acute Cytotoxicity. Small. 2005 Mar; 1(3): 325–7. doi: 10.1002/smll.200400093.

Noruzi M. Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using plant extracts. Bioprocess and biosystems engineering. 2015 Jan; 38(1): 1-4. doi: 10.1007/s00449-014-1251-0.

Narayanan KB and Sakthivel N. Coriander leaf mediated biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles. Materials Letters. 2008 Dec; 62(30): 4588–90. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2008.08.044.

Li Y, Tang Z, Prasad PN, Knecht MR, Swihart MT. Peptide-mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles: effects of peptide sequence and nature of binding on physicochemical properties. Nanoscale. 2014; 6(6): 3165–72. doi: 10.1039/C3NR06201E.

Niemeyer CM and Ceyhan B. DNA-Directed Functionalization of Colloidal Gold with Proteins. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2001 Oct; 40(19): 3685. doi: 10.1002/1521-3773(20011001)40:19<3685::AID-ANIE3685>3.0.CO;2-E.

Liu J and Lu Y. Preparation of aptamer-linked gold nanoparticle purple aggregates for colorimetric sensing of analytes. Nature Protocols. 2006 Jun; 1(1): 246–52. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2006.38.

Ahmed HB. Recruitment of various biological macromolecules in fabrication of gold nanoparticles: Overview for preparation and applications. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 2019 Nov; 140: 265–77. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.138.

Seitz O, Chehimi MM, Cabet-Deliry E, Truong S, Felidj N, Perruchot C, et al. Preparation and characterisation of gold nanoparticle assemblies on silanised glass plates. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 2003 May; 218(1–3): 225–39. doi: 10.1016/S0927-7757(02)00594-0.

Hedkvist O. Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles. 2013. [Last cited: 4th Nov 2023]. Available at: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Synthesis-and-Characterization-of-Gold-Hedkvist/9b768044c6c12c0bb97e49f8911ca173cc81cc32.

Omidfar K, Khorsand F, Darziani Azizi M. New analytical applications of gold nanoparticles as label in antibody based sensors. Biosensors and Bioelectronics. 2013 May; 43: 336–47. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.12.045.

Borse V and Konwar AN. Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles as a sensing tool for the lateral flow immunoassay development. Sensors International. 2020 Jan; 1: 100051. doi: 10.1016/j.sintl.2020.100051.

Zarabi MF, Arshadi N, Farhangi A, Akbarzadeh A. Preparation and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles with Amino Acids, Examination of Their Stability. Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry. 2014 Jul; 29(3): 306–14. doi: 10.1007/s12291-013-0358-4.

Santhoshkumar J, Rajeshkumar S, Kumar SV. Phyto-assisted synthesis, characterization and applications of gold nanoparticles–A review. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports. 2017 Sep; 11: 46-57. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.06.004.

Parida UK, Bindhani BK, Nayak P. Green synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using onion (Allium cepa) extract. World Journal of Nano Science Engineering. 2011 Dec; 1(04): 93. doi: 10.4236/wjnse.2011.14015.

Clarance P, Luvankar B, Sales J, Khusro A, Agastian P, Tack JC, et al. Green synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles using endophytic fungi Fusarium solani and its in-vitro anticancer and biomedical applications. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2020 Feb; 27(2): 706–12. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.026.

Lidiawati D, Wahid Wahab A, Karim A. Synthesis and Characterization Of Gold Nanoparticles Using Beluntas Leaf Extract Plucheaindica. Jurnal Akta Kimia Indonesia. 2019 May; 12(1): 13. doi: 10.20956/ica.v12i1.5822.

Ankamwar B. Biosynthesis of Gold Nanoparticles (Green-gold) Using Leaf Extract of Terminalia Catappa. E-Journal of Chemistry. 2010; 7(4): 1334–9. doi: 10.1155/2010/745120.

Attia MF, Ranasinghe M, Akasov R, Anker JN, Whitehead DC, Alexis F. In situ preparation of gold–polyester nanoparticles for biomedical imaging. Biomaterials Science. 2020 Apr; 8(11): 3032-43. doi: 10.1039/D0BM00175A.

Dzimitrowicz A, Jamróz P, diCenzo GC, Sergiel I, Kozlecki T, Pohl P. Preparation and characterization of gold nanoparticles prepared with aqueous extracts of Lamiaceae plants and the effect of follow-up treatment with atmospheric pressure glow microdischarge. Arab Journal of Chemistry. 2019 Dec; 12(8): 4118–30. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.04.004.

Hu X, Zhang Y, Ding T, Liu J, Zhao H. Multifunctional Gold Nanoparticles: A Novel Nanomaterial for Various Medical Applications and Biological Activities. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2020 Aug; 8: 990. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00990.

Kong FY, Zhang JW, Li RF, Wang ZX, Wang WJ, Wang W. Unique Roles of Gold Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery, Targeting and Imaging Applications. Molecules. 2017 Aug; 22(9): 1445. doi: 10.3390/molecules22091445.

Daraee H, Eatemadi A, Abbasi E, Fekri Aval S, Kouhi M, Akbarzadeh A. Application of gold nanoparticles in biomedical and drug delivery. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology. 2016 Jan; 44(1): 410–22. doi: 10.3109/21691401.2014.955107.

Chen YH, Tsai CY, Huang PY, Chang MY, Cheng PC, Chou CH, et al. Methotrexate Conjugated to Gold Nanoparticles Inhibits Tumor Growth in a Syngeneic Lung Tumor Model. Molecular Pharmaceutics. 2007 Oct; 4(5): 713–22. doi: 10.1021/mp060132k.

Golchin K, Golchin J, Ghaderi S, Alidadiani N, Eslamkhah S, Eslamkhah M, et al. Gold nanoparticles applications: from artificial enzyme till drug delivery. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology. 2018 Feb; 46(2): 250–4. doi: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1305393.

Pissuwan D, Niidome T, Cortie MB. The forthcoming applications of gold nanoparticles in drug and gene delivery systems. Journal of Controlled Release. 2011 Jan; 149(1): 65–71. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.12.006.

Singh P, Pandit S, Mokkapati VRSS, Garg A, Ravikumar V, Mijakovic I. Gold Nanoparticles in Diagnostics and Therapeutics for Human Cancer. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018 Jul; 19(7): 1979. doi: 10.3390/ijms19071979.

Wang F, Wang YC, Dou S, Xiong MH, Sun TM, Wang J. Doxorubicin-Tethered Responsive Gold Nanoparticles Facilitate Intracellular Drug Delivery for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Cells. ACS Nano. 2011 May; 5(5): 3679–92. doi: 10.1021/nn200007z.

Husen A. Gold nanoparticles from plant system: synthesis, characterization and their application. Nanoscience and Plant–Soil Systems. 2017: 455-79. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-46835-8_17.

Howden SM, Soussana JF, Tubiello FN, Chhetri N, Dunlop M, Meinke H. Adapting agriculture to climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2007 Dec; 104(50): 19691–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0701890104.

Qian J, Jiang L, Yang X, Yan Y, Mao H, Wang K. Highly sensitive impedimetric aptasensor based on covalent binding of gold nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide with good dispersity and high density. The Analyst. 2014 Aug; 139(21): 5587–93. doi: 10.1039/C4AN01116C.

Miao P, Liu L, Li Y, Li G. A novel electrochemical method to detect mercury (II) ions. Electrochemical Communications. 2009 Oct; 11(10): 1904–7. doi: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.08.013.

Hammami I, Alabdallah NM, Jomaa AA, Kamoun M. Gold nanoparticles: Synthesis properties and applications. Journal of King Saud University - Science. 2021 Oct; 33(7): 101560. doi: 10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101560.

Liu G, Lu M, Huang X, Li T, Xu D. Application of Gold-Nanoparticle Colorimetric Sensing to Rapid Food Safety Screening. Sensors. 2018 Nov; 18(12): 4166. doi: 10.3390/s18124166.

Yang J, Wang X, Sun Y, Chen B, Hu F, Guo C, et al. Recent Advances in Colorimetric Sensors Based on Gold Nanoparticles for Pathogen Detection. Biosensors. 2022 Dec; 13(1): 29. doi: 10.3390/bios13010029.

Rosarin FS and Mirunalini S. Nobel metallic nanoparticles with novel biomedical properties. Journal of Bioanalysis and Biomedicine. 2011 Jun; 3. doi: 10.4172/1948-593X.1000049.

Elahi N, Kamali M, Baghersad MH. Recent biomedical applications of gold nanoparticles: A review. Talanta. 2018 Jul; 184: 537–56. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.088.