A review on Diversity, Mechanism of Action and Evolutionary Significance of Antimicrobial Peptides : A Review on Antimicrobial Peptides

Noor Muhammad; Waiza Ansar; Arif Ullah; Iram Liaqat; Zahid Nazir

doi:10.54393/fbt.v4i02``.99

Authors

Noor Muhammad Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
Waiza Ansar Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
Arif Ullah Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
Iram Liaqat Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
Zahid Nazir Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/fbt.v4i02``.99

Keywords:

Antimicrobial, Peptides, Antibiotics, ß-sheets, Toroidal Pore Model

Abstract

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, evolutionarily main peptides that widely exist in rich diversity across nature and play a significant role in the innate immunity of various taxa from invertebrates to vertebrates. They are equally targeted as the newest discovered antibiotics against various prokaryotes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. AMPs show broad-spectrum potential with high efficacy and low toxicity via in vivo studies. Undoubtedly, this also confers their specific mechanism of action (MOA) and unique but distinct structures. Already, many studies have reported that AMPs possess diverse MOA against various pathogenic microbes. AMPs also encourage the cells to enhance wound healing, programmed cell death, angiogenesis, and produce chemokines. However, the associated risk is the evolution of resistance to AMPs could lead to possible danger to inherent immunity. From an evolutionary perspective, they are usually considered nonspecific with redundant functions due to the fact that they are easily duplicated and produce pseudogenes, thus showing less evolution at the primary amino acid level. However, the microbial resistance risk against conventional antibiotics can be minimized by using AMPs efficiently and sustainably. Understanding the nature and evolution of AMPs will be beneficial as well. The current review focused on antimicrobial peptides' diversity, history, MOA, and evolutionary significance. 

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