Ameliorative Effects of Orange Juice on Sodium Fluoride Induced Gastro-Hepatic Toxicity in Mice :  Ameliorative Effects of Orange Juice on Sodium

Ata ul Mustafa Fahid; Azeem Azam; Farhan Anjum; Hamza Faseeh; Rabia Bano; Sana Kausar; Attiq ur Rehman; Maryam Latif

doi:10.54393/fbt.v3i03.78

Authors

Ata ul Mustafa Fahid Institute of Zoology, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan
Azeem Azam Institute of Zoology, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan
Farhan Anjum Institute of Zoology, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan
Hamza Faseeh Institute of Zoology, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan
Rabia Bano Department of Zoology, Division of Science, University of Education, Pakistan
Sana Kausar Institute of Zoology, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan
Attiq ur Rehman Institute of Zoology, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan
Maryam Latif Institute of Zoology, Punjab University, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/fbt.v3i03.78

Keywords:

Orange Juice, Sodium Fluoride, Gastro-Hepatic Toxicity

Abstract

Floride toxicity has been under discussion and investigations when taken in excess amounts. Floride leaching into the water bodies as a result of industrialization is a common issue facing most of the developing countries like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh etc. This leached fluoride has the ability to cause a myriad of disorders when incorporated in animal bodies. Objective: To find out the ameliorative effect of orange juice against toxic effects of sodium fluoride influencing damaging effect on liver and stomach. Methods: The mice were divided in six groups. The control group was only Nestle’s water, while different concentrations of sodium fluoride (2.50µg/g, 5.00µg/g and 7.50µg/g body weight) were prepared and administered orally in mice for 30 days. Then all treated groups were supplied with fresh natural orange juice for next 30 days to test its ameliorative potential. Results: The data revealed the significant reduction of body weight (p<0.001), stomach length, stomach diameter (p < 0.05) while hepato- somatic and gastro-somatic index increased (p < 0.05) in treated groups as compared to control group after sodium fluoride administration. Morphological studies revealed different abnormalities in treated groups such as spots on the liver and stomach, swelling of stomach, constriction of fundic and cardiac regions and lobes of liver. Conclusions: This study clearly revealed that sodium fluoride is potentially toxic to organs of albino mice, especially liver and stomach and that orange juice demonstrated ameliorative potential against the toxicity due to sodium fluoride.

References

Susheela AK. A treatise on fluorosis. Fluoride. 2007; 34(3): 181-183. doi: 10.3109/15563659609013768.

Barbier O, Arreola-Mendoza L, Del Razo LM. Molecular mechanisms of fluoride toxicity. Chemico-biological interactions. 2010 Nov 5;188(2): 319-33. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.07.011.

Strunecka A, Patocka J, Blaylock RL, Chinoy NJ. Fluoride interactions: from molecules to disease. Current Signal Transduction Therapy. 2007 Sep; 2(3): 190-213. doi: 10.2174/157436207781745300.

Martins CC, Paiva SM, Lima-Arsati YB, Ramos-Jorge ML, Cury JA. Prospective study of the association between fluoride intake and dental fluorosis in permanent teeth. Caries Research. 2008 Apr; 42(2): 125-33. doi: 10.1159/000119520.

Wilson JD. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). Toxicological profile for Malathion. 2003.

Chlubek D. Fluoride and oxidative stress. Fluoride. 2003 Nov; 36(4): 217-28.

Stevens DP, McLaughlin MJ, Alston AM. Phytotoxicity of the fluoride ion and its uptake from solution culture by Avena sativa and Lycopersicon esculentum. Plant and Soil. 1998 Mar; 200(2): 119-29. doi: 10.1023/A:1004392801938.

Stevens DP, McLaughlin MJ, Randall PJ, Keerthisinghe G. Effect of fluoride supply on fluoride concentrations in five pasture species: Levels required to reach phytotoxic or potentially zootoxic concentrations in plant tissue. Plant and Soil. 2000 Dec; 227: 223-33.

Pratap D and Singh D. Impact of fluoride on environment and human health. PRATIBHA: International Journal of Science, Spirituality, Business and Technology (IJSSBT). 2013 Feb; 1(2): 2277-7261.

Khatun S, Rajak P, Dutta M, Roy S. Sodium fluoride adversely affects ovarian development and reproduction in Drosophila melanogaster. Chemosphere. 2017 Nov; 186: 51-61. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.07.123.

Chaithra B, Sarjan HN, Shivabasavaiah. A comparative analysis of fluoride-contaminated groundwater and sodium fluoride-induced reproductive toxicity and its reversibility in male rats. Biological Trace Element Research. 2020 Oct; 197: 507-21. doi: 10.1007/s12011-019-01994-y.

Dalbey W, Dunn B, Bannister R, Daughtrey W, Kirwin C, Reitman F et al. Acute effects of 10-minute exposure to hydrogen fluoride in rats and derivation of a short-term exposure limit for humans. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 1998 Jun; 27(3): 207-16. doi: 10.1006/rtph.1998.1203.

Lund K, Refsnes M, Sandstrøm T, Søstrand P, Schwarze P, Boe J et al. Increased CD3 positive cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after hydrogen fluoride inhalation. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. 1999 Aug: 326-34. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.442.

Bouaziz H, Ketata S, Jammoussi K, Boudawara T, Ayedi F, Ellouze F et al. Effects of sodium fluoride on hepatic toxicity in adult mice and their suckling pups. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology. 2006 Nov; 86(3): 124-30. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2006.02.004.

Johnston NR and Strobel SA. Principles of fluoride toxicity and the cellular response: a review. Archives of Toxicology. 2020 Apr; 94(4): 1051-69.

Błaszczyk I, Grucka-Mamczar E, Kasperczyk S, Birkner E. Influence of methionine upon the concentration of malondialdehyde in the tissues and blood of rats exposed to sodium fluoride. Biological Trace Element Research. 2009 Jun; 129: 229-38. doi: 10.1007/s12011-008-8308-3.

Shashi A, Singh JP, Thapar SP. Toxic effects of fluoride on rabbit kidney. Fluoride. 2002 Feb; 35(1): 38-50.

Zhan F, Huang Y, Colla S, Stewart JP, Hanamura I, Gupta S et al. The molecular classification of multiple myeloma. Blood. 2006 Sep; 108(6): 2020-8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2005-11-013458.

Long H, Jin Y, Lin M, Sun Y, Zhang L, Clinch C. Fluoride toxicity in the male reproductive system. Fluoride. 2009 Oct; 42(4): 260-76.

Maurer JK, Cheng MC, Boysen BG, Anderson RL. Two-year carcinogenicity study of sodium fluoride in rats. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1990 Jul; 82(13): 1118-26. doi: 10.1093/jnci/82.13.1118.

Wimalawansa SJ. Does fluoride cause the mysterious chronic kidney disease of multifactorial origin?. Environmental Geochemistry and Health. 2020 Sep; 42(9): 3035-57. doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00503-3.

Ix JH and Shlipak MG. The promise of tubule biomarkers in kidney disease: a review. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 2021 Nov; 78(5): 719-27. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.03.026.

Kabir H, Gupta AK, Tripathy S. Fluoride and human health: Systematic appraisal of sources, exposures, metabolism, and toxicity. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology. 2020 Jun; 50(11): 1116-93. doi: 10.1080/10643389.2019.1647028.

Wimalawansa SJ. Molecular and cellular toxicity of fluoride in mystery, tubulointerstitial chronic kidney disease: A systematic review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology. 2020 Mar; 19: 117-47. doi: 10.1007/s11157-019-09521-0.

Sanap MJ and Yeotikar PV. Enzymuria-Early Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury in Animals. Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology. 2023 Mar;19(2):1-6. doi: 10.48165/ijvsbt.19.2.01.

Hassanein EH, Mohamed WR, Ahmed OS, Abdel-Daim MM, Sayed AM. The role of inflammation in cadmium nephrotoxicity: NF-κB comes into view. Life Sciences. 2022 Sep: 120971. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120971.

Sekhar PR, Savithri Y, Prasad KS, Smitha S, Murthy TS. Synergistic Effect of Cypermethrin and Sodium Fluoride on Kidney Histo Pathology of Albino Mice. Journal of Advanced Zoology. 2023 Nov; 44(S3): 1309-13. doi: 10.17762/jaz.v44iS-3.1571.

Dharmaratne RW. Exploring the role of excess fluoride in chronic kidney disease: a review. Human and Experimental Toxicology. 2019 Mar; 38(3): 269-79. doi: 10.1177/0960327118814161.

Dote T, Kono K, Usuda K, Nishiura H, Tagawa T, Miyata K et al. Toxicokinetics of intravenous fluoride in rats with renal damage caused by high-dose fluoride exposure. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2000 Jul; 73: S90-2. doi: 10.1007/PL00014633.

Mishra R, Jain S, Bhatnagar M, Shukla S. Fluoride toxicity myth or fact?: a review. Journal of Cell and Tissue Research. 2020; 20(1): 6869-82.

Amira S, Soufane S, Gharzouli K. Effect of sodium fluoride on gastric emptying and intestinal transit in mice. Experimental and Toxicologic Pathology. 2005 Aug; 57(1): 59-64. doi: 10.1016/j.etp.2005.04.002.

Adler P, World Health Organization. Fluorides and human health. World Health Organization; 1970.

Kolisnyk IL. Intensity of Nitric Oxide Synthesis in the Blood of Rats Under the Influence of Sodium Fluoride. The Medical and Ecological Problems. 2020 Dec; 24(5-6): 25-8. doi: 10.31718/mep.2020.24.5-6.07.

Bhattacharyya A, Chattopadhyay R, Mitra S, Crowe SE. Oxidative stress: an essential factor in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal mucosal diseases. Physiological Reviews. 2014 Apr; 94(2): 329-54. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00040.2012.

Lu Y, Luo Q, Cui H, Deng H, Kuang P, Liu H et al. Sodium fluoride causes oxidative stress and apoptosis in the mouse liver. Aging (Albany NY). 2017 Jun; 9(6): 1623. doi: 10.18632/aging.101257.