Common Sage (S. Officinalis)- A Natural Medicine and Its Health Benefits:  S. Officinalis: Healthy Benefits

Sahar Imran; Nofa Amjad; Madiha Khan Niazi; Sadia Hanif; Farooq Hassan; Shafqat Rasool; Wajeeha Abid; Asmat Ullah Khan

doi:10.54393/fbt.v4i04.151

Authors

Sahar Imran University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Nofa Amjad Teeside University, United Kingdom
Madiha Khan Niazi University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Sadia Hanif University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Farooq Hassan Punjab Healthcare Commission, Lahore, Pakistan
Shafqat Rasool School of Eastern Medicine, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan
Wajeeha Abid Noor puri Tibia college, Gojra, Pakistan
Asmat Ullah Khan Department of Eastern Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/fbt.v4i04.151

Keywords:

Salvia Officinalis, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Chronic Health, Neuro-Cognitive Efficacy

Abstract

Common Sage (Salvia officinalis) belongs to the Labiatae/Lamiaceae family Indigenous to the Middle East and Mediterranean regions but today has been world-widely revolutionized. Salvia officinalis exhibited an extensive array of functionally bioactive chemical constituents that have been employed in the treatment of multiple chronic health conditions and has been under primarily extensive research documenting its novel biological significance and exploring revolutionary biological impacts on well-being revealing an extensive range of pharmaceutical significance. These investigations demonstrated that besides curing relatively mild illnesses, S. officinalis possesses potentially revolutionary natural remedial treatment alleviating chronic health-related life-threatening conditions by possessing anti-carcinogenic, anti-depressive, and anti-diabetic efficacy. This review will shed light on Salvia officinalis pharmaco-medicinal biological properties signifying its anti-oxidative, immune-modulatory, anti-tumor, anti-hyperlipidemic, Neuro-cognitive efficacy, Microbicide activities, and its toxicological effects to preserve and restore health by highlighting the significance of this plant as a fantastic herb with multi-factorial health and wellness benefits.

References

Zalyhina YV. Relevance of Research of the Pharmacological Properties of Salvia (Salvia Officinalis) (Literature Review). Medicine Perspektivi. 2022; 27(2): 44. doi: 10.26641/2307-0404.2022.2.260100.

Sharifi-Rad M, Ozcelik B, Altın G, Daşkaya-Dikmen C, Martorell M, Ramírez-Alarcón K et al. Salvia spp. Plants-From Farm to Food Applications and Phyto-Pharmacotherapy. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2018 Oct; 80: 242-63. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.08.008.

Khedher MR, Khedher SB, Chaieb I, Tounsi S, Hammami M. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Salvia Officinalis Essential Oil from Tunisia. Experimental and Clinical Sciences Journal. 2017; 16: 160. doi: 10.17179/excli2016-832.

Ghorbani A and Esmaeilizadeh M. Pharmacological Properties of Salvia Officinalis and Its Components. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine. 2017 Oct; 7(4): 433-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014.

Zhumaliyeva G, Zhussupova A, Zhusupova GE, Błońska-Sikora E, Cerreto A, Omirbekova N et al. Natural Compounds of Salvia L. Genus and Molecular Mechanism of Their Biological Activity. Biomedicines. 2023 Nov; 11(12): 3151. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11123151.

Khalil R and Li ZG. Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Salvia officinalis L. collected in Syria. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2011; 10(42): 8397-402. doi: 10.5897/AJB10.2615.

Sharma Y, Velamuri R, Fagan J, Schaefer J, Streicher C, Stimson J. Identification and Characterization of Polyphenols and Volatile Terpenoid Compounds in Different Extracts of Garden Sage (Salvia Officinalis L). Pharmacognosy Research. 2020; 12(2). doi: 10.4103/pr.pr_92_19.

Lahlou Y, Moujabbir S, Aboukhalaf A, El Amraoui B, Bamhaoud T. Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Salvia Officinalis Growing in Morocco. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny. 2023; 74(4). doi: 10.32394/rpzh.2023.0275.

Chaachouay N, Benkhnigue O, Zidane L. Ethnobotanical Study Aimed at Investigating the Use of Medicinal Plants to Treat Nervous System Diseases in the Rif of Morocco. Journal of chiropractic medicine. 2020 Mar; 19(1): 70-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2020.02.004.

Malik J and Choudhary S. Indian Traditional Herbs and Alzheimer's Disease: Integrating Ethnobotany and Phytotherapy. Evidence-Based Validation of Traditional Medicines: A Comprehensive Approach. 2021: 1129-51. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-8127-4_50.

Ghowsi M, Yousofvand N, Moradi S. Effects of Salvia Officinalis L. (Common Sage) Leaves Tea On Insulin Resistance, Lipid Profile, and Oxidative Stress in Rats with Polycystic Ovary: An Experimental Study. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine. 2020 May; 10(3): 263.

El-Banna H, Soliman M, Al-Wabel N. Hepatoprotective Effects of Thymus and Salvia Essential Oils On Paracetamol-Induced Toxicity in Rats. Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology Advances. 2013; 3(2): 41-7. doi: 10.5455/jppa.20130228054608.

Fahmy MA, Diab KA, Abdel-Samie NS, Omara EA, Hassan ZM. Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepato/Renal Toxicity in Experimental Mice: Antioxidant Potential of Egyptian Salvia Officinalis L Essential Oil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2018 Oct; 25: 27858-76. doi: 10.1007/s11356-018-2820-6.

Zengin G, Llorent-Martínez EJ, Fernández-de Córdova ML, Bahadori MB, Mocan A et al. Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Extracts from Three Salvia Species: S. Blepharochlaena, S. Euphratica Var. Leiocalycina, and S. Verticillata Subsp. Amasiaca. Industrial Crops and Products. 2018 Jan; 111: 11-21. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.065.

Samiei S, Khadem M, Pourbabaki R, Amirkhanlou F, Shahtaheri SJ. Effect of Salvia Officinalis Extract (Sage) On the Toxicity and Oxidative Stress of Deltamethrin in Kidneys of the Rats. Journal of Occupational Hygiene Engineering Volume. 2020 Jan; 7(3): 36-46. doi: 10.52547/johe.7.3.36.

Koubaa FG, Chaâbane M, Turki M, Ayadi FM, El Feki A. Anti-Oxidant and Hepatoprotective Effects of Salvia Officinalis Essential Oil Against Vanadium-Induced Oxidative Stress and Histological Changes in The Rat Liver. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2021 Mar; 28: 11001-15. doi: /10.1007/s11356-020-11303-z.

Poulios E, Giaginis C, Vasios GK. Current State of the Art On the Antioxidant Activity of Sage (Salvia spp.) and Its Bioactive Components. Planta Medica. 2020 Mar; 86(04): 224-38. doi: 0.1055/a-1087-8276.

Horváthová E, Srančíková A, Regendová-Sedláčková E, Melušová M, Meluš V, Netriová J, Krajčovičová Z et al. Enriching the Drinking Water of Rats with Extracts of Salvia Officinalis and Thymus Vulgaris Increases Their Resistance to Oxidative Stress. Mutagenesis. 2016 Jan; 31(1): 51-9. doi: 10.1093/mutage/gev056.

Kozics K, Klusová V, Srančíková A, Mučaji P, Slameňová D, Hunáková Ľ et al. Effects of Salvia Officinalis and Thymus Vulgaris On Oxidant-Induced DNA Damage and Antioxidant Status in HepG2 Cells. Food Chemistry. 2013 Dec; 141(3): 2198-206. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.089.

Kavoura D, Kyriakopoulou K, Papaefstathiou G, Spanidi E, Gardikis K, Louli V et al. Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Salvia fruticosa. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 2019 Apr; 146: 159-64. doi: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.01.010.

Radmanesh E, Dianat M, Badavi M, Goudarzi G, Mard SA, Radan M. Protective Effect of Crocin On Hemodynamic Parameters, Electrocardiogram Parameters, and Oxidative Stress in Isolated Hearts of Rats Exposed to PM10. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 2022 Apr; 25(4): 460. doi: 10.22038/IJBMS.2022.61163.13533.

Ramalingam S, Karuppiah M, Thiruppathi M. Antihyperglycaemic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid Attenuates Glycoprotein Moiety in High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. All Life. 2020 Jan; 13(1): 120-30. doi: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1733104.

Basu P and Basu A. In Vitro and in Vivo Effects of Flavonoids On Peripheral Neuropathic Pain. Molecules. 2020 Mar; 25(5): 1171. doi: 10.3390/molecules25051171.

Madkour DA, Ahmed M, Elkirdasy AF, Orabi SH, Mousa AA. Rutin: Chemical Properties, Pharmacokinetic Properties and Biological Activities. Matrouh Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2024 Nov; 4(1): 26-34. doi: 10.21608/mjvm.2024.341806.

Ben Akacha B, Ben Hsouna A, Generalić Mekinić I, Ben Belgacem A, Ben Saad R, Mnif W et al. Salvia Officinalis L. and Salvia Sclarea Essential Oils: Chemical Composition, Biological Activities and Preservative Effects Against Listeria Monocytogenes Inoculated into Minced Beef Meat. Plants. 2023 Sep; 12(19): 3385. doi: 10.3390/plants12193385

Da Silva TL, Costa CS, da Silva MG, Vieira MG. Overview of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2022 Apr; 346: 131226. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131226.

Bertschmann J, Thalappilly S, Riabowol K. The ING1a Model of Rapid Cell Senescence. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. 2019 Jan; 177: 109-17. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.06.004.

Mansourabadi AH, Sadeghi HM, Razavi N, Rezvani E. Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of Salvigenin, Salvia Officinalis Flavonoid Extracted. Future Natural Products. 2016 Jan; 2(1): 31-41.

Brindisi M, Bouzidi C, Frattaruolo L, Loizzo MR, Cappello MS, Dugay A et al. New Insights into the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Italian Salvia Officinalis Leaf and Flower Extracts in Lipopolysaccharide and Tumor-Mediated Inflammation Models. Antioxidants. 2021 Feb; 10(2): 311. doi: 10.3390/antiox10020311.

Khiev P, Oh SR, Chae HS, Kwon OK, Ahn KS, Chin YW et al. Anti-inflammatory Diterpene from Thyrsanthera Suborbicularis. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2011 Mar; 59(3): 382-4. doi: 10.1248/cpb.59.382.

Vaja PN, Borkhataria CH, Popaniya HS, Tank CJ, Pithiya DR, Vachhani AN. A Systematic Review on Medicinal Plant Species to treat Pharyngitis. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. 2024 Sep; 14(3): 213-9. doi:10.52711/2231-5713.2024.00035.

Goswami D, Jain G, Mohod M, Baidya DK, Bhutia O, Roychoudhury A. Randomized Controlled Trial to Compare Oral Analgesic Requirements and Patient Satisfaction in Using Oral Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Versus Benzydamine Hydrochloride Oral rinses after mandibular third molar extraction: a pilot study. Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2018 Feb; 18(1): 19. doi: 10.17245/jdapm.2018.18.1.19.

Martin P and Gurevich DB. Macrophage Regulation of Angiogenesis in Health and Disease. In Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2021 Nov; 119: 101-110. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.010.

Privitera G, Luca T, Castorina S, Passanisi R, Ruberto G, Napoli E. Anticancer Activity of Salvia Officinalis Essential Oil and Its Principal Constituents Against Hormone-Dependent Tumor Cells. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine. 2019 Jan; 9(1): 24-8. doi: 10.4103/2221-1691.250266.

de Lacerda Leite GM, de Oliveira Barbosa M, Lopes MJ, de Araújo Delmondes G, Bezerra DS, Araújo IM et al. Pharmacological and Toxicological Activities of Α-Humulene and Its Isomers: A Systematic Review. Trends in Food Science and Technology. 2021 Sep; 115: 255-74. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.049.

Xavier CP, Lima CF, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Salvia Fruticosa, Salvia Officinalis, and Rosmarinic Acid Induce Apoptosis and Inhibit Proliferation of Human Colorectal Cell Lines: The Role in MAPK/ERK Pathway. Nutrition and Cancer. 2009 Jul; 61(4): 564-71. doi: 10.1080/01635580802710733.

Sharma Y, Fagan J, Schaefer J. Ethnobotany, Photochemistry, Cultivation and Medicinal Properties of Garden Sage (Salvia Officinalis L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2019; 8(3): 3139-48.

Choukairi Z, Hazzaz T, José MF, Fechtali T. The Cytotoxic Activity of Salvia Officinalis L. and Rosmarinus Officinalis L. Leaves Extracts On Human Glioblastoma Cell Line and Their Antioxidant Effect. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2021 Jan; 17(4): 20180189. doi: 10.1515/jcim-2018-0189.

Wang D, Zhao R, Qu YY, Mei XY, Zhang X, Zhou Q et al. Colonic Lysine Homo-cysteinylation Induced By High-Fat Diet Suppresses DNA Damage Repair. Cell Reports. 2018 Oct; 25(2): 398-412. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.022.

Assaggaf HM, Naceiri Mrabti H, Rajab BS, Attar AA, Alyamani RA, Hamed M et al. Chemical Analysis and Investigation of Biological Effects of Salvia Officinalis Essential Oils at Three Phenological Stages. Molecules. 2022 Aug; 27(16): 5157. doi: 10.3390/molecules27165157.

Loizzo MR, Tundis R, Menichini F, Saab AM, Statti GA, Menichini F. Cytotoxic Activity of Essential Oils from Labiatae and Lauraceae Families Against in Vitro Human Tumor Models. Anticancer Research. 2007 Sep; 27(5A): 3293-9.

de Oliveira PF, Munari CC, Nicolella HD, Veneziani RC, Tavares DC. Manool, A Salvia Officinalis Diterpene, Induces Selective Cytotoxicity in Cancer Cells. Cytotechnology. 2016 Oct; 68: 2139-43. doi: 10.1007/s10616-015-9927-0.

Xavier CP, Lima CF, Fernandes-Ferreira M, Pereira-Wilson C. Salvia Fruticosa, Salvia Officinalis, and Rosmarinic Acid Induce Apoptosis and Inhibit Proliferation of Human Colorectal Cell Lines: The Role in MAPK/ERK Pathway. Nutrition and Cancer. 2009 Jul; 61(4): 564-71. doi: 10.1080/01635580802710733.

Sharmila R and Manoharan S. Anti-Tumor Activity of Rosmarinic Acid in 7, 12-Dimethylbenz (A) Anthracene (DMBA) Induced Skin Carcinogenesis in Swiss Albino Mice. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 2012 Mar; 50(3): 187-194.

Sirajudeen F, Malhab LJ, Bustanji Y, Shahwan M, Alzoubi KH, Semreen MH et al. Exploring the Potential of Rosemary Derived Compounds (Rosmarinic and Carnosic Acids) As Cancer Therapeutics: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules and Therapeutics. 2024 Jan; 32(1): 38. doi: 10.4062/biomolther.2023.054.

Li H, Zhang Y, Chen HH, Huang E, Zhuang H, Li D et al. Rosmarinic Acid Inhibits Stem-Like Breast Cancer Through Hedgehog and Bcl-2/Bax Signaling Pathways. Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2019; 15(65). doi: 10.4103/pm.pm_22_19

Kowalczyk A, Tuberoso CI, Jerković I. The Role of Rosmarinic Acid in Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Mechanisms of Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity. Antioxidants. 2024 Oct; 13(11): 1313. doi: 10.3390/antiox13111313.

Akacha BB, Kačániová M, Mekinić IG, Kukula-Koch W, Koch W, Orhan IE et al. Sage (Salvia officinalis L.): A Botanical Marvel with Versatile Pharmacological Properties and Sustainable Applications in Functional Foods. South African Journal of Botany. 2024 Jun; 169: 361-82. doi: 10.1016/j.sajb.2024.04.044.

Gaivão I, Ferreira J, Maria Sierra L. The w/w+ Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) of Drosophila Melanogaster for Detecting Antigenotoxic Activity. Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity: Mechanisms and Test Methods (Soloneski S, Larramendy ML, Eds.). London: Intechopen. 2021: 111-45. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.91630.

Alzergy AA, Elgharbawy SM, Abdalwahed EH. Protective Role of Salvia Officinalis Against Formalin Induce Nephrotoxicity in Swiss Albino Mice. Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences. 2019 Feb; 14(1): 66-69. doi: 10.9790/3008-1401016669 .

Kozics K, Klusová V, Srančíková A, Mučaji P, Slameňová D, Hunáková Ľ et al. Effects of Salvia officinalis and Thymus vulgaris on oxidant-induced DNA damage and antioxidant status in HepG2 cells. Food chemistry. 2013 Dec ;141(3): 2198-206. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.04.089.

Ghorbani A, Moradi Marjaneh R, Rajaei Z, Hadjzadeh MA. Effects of Securigera Securidaca Extract On Lipolysis and Adipogenesis in Diabetic Rats. Cholesterol. 2014; 2014(1): 582106. doi: 10.1155/2014/582106.

Edwards KD, Dubberke A, Meyer N, Kugel S, Hellhammer J. Assessment of the Effects of a Sage (Salvia Officinalis) Extract On Cognitive Performance in Adolescents and Young Adults. Medrxiv. 2021 May: 2021-05. doi: 10.1101/2021.05.28.21257776.

Zheng H, Wijaya W, Zhang H, Feng K, Liu Q, Zheng T et al. Improving the Bio-accessibility and Bioavailability of Carnosic Acid Using a Lecithin-Based Nano-Emulsion: Complementary in Vitro and in Vivo Studies. Food and function. 2020; 11(9): 8141-9. doi: 10.1039/D0FO01098G.

Ath M, Co A, Uh O, Jo I, Ob E, Og A. Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Alcoholic Extract of Common Sage (Salvia Officinalis) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rabbits. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 2022 May; 25(2). doi: 10.4314/ajbr.v25i2.19.

Abdollahi A, Adelibahram F, Ghassab-Abdollahi N, Araj-Khodaei M, Parsian Z, Mirghafourvand M. The Effect of Salvia Officinalis On Blood Glycemic Indexes and Blood Lipid Profile in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine. 2023 Aug; 20(3): 521-9. doi: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0425.

Seo S, Lee MS, Chang E, Shin Y, Oh S, Kim IH et al. Rutin Increases Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis with AMPK Activation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats. Nutrients. 2015 Sep; 7(9): 8152-69. doi: 10.3390/nu7095385.

Margetts G, Kleidonas S, Zaibi NS, Zaibi MS, Edwards KD. Evidence for Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Modulation of Neurotransmitter Metabolism by Salvia Officinalis L. BioMed Central Complementary Medicine and Therapies. 2022 May; 22(1): 131. doi: 10.1186/s12906-022-03605-1.

Ayoub IM, George MY, Menze ET, Mahmoud M, Botros M, Essam M et al. Insights into the Neuroprotective Effects of Salvia Officinalis L. and Salvia Microphylla Kunth in the Memory Impairment Rat Model. Food and Function. 2022; 13(4): 2253-68. doi: 10.1039/D1FO02988F.

Ferreira J, Santos S, Pereira H. In Vitro Screening for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition and Antioxidant Activity of Quercus Suber Cork and Cork-Back Extracts. Evidence‐Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2020; 2020(1): 3825629. doi: 10.1155/2020/3825629.

Hasanein P, Felehgari Z, Emamjomeh A. Preventive Effects of Salvia Officinalis L. Against Learning and Memory Deficit Induced by Diabetes in Rats: Possible Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Mechanisms. Neuroscience Letters. 2016 May; 622: 72-7. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.045.

Lee J, Lee S, Jo W, Ji HW, Pyeon M, Moon M et al. Effect of a Salvia officinalis and Hypericum Perforatum Mixture On Improving Memory and Cognitive Decline. Advances in Traditional Medicine. 2024 Jun; 24(2): 633-49. doi: 10.1007/s13596-023-00732-z.

Algonaiman R and Barakat H. Role of Sage (Salvia 15 offcinalis L.) in Promoting Antidiabetic Activities. 2023. doi: 10.1201/b23347-15.

Babault N, Noureddine A, Amiez N, Guillemet D, Cometti C. Acute Effects of Salvia Supplementation On Cognitive Function in Athletes During a Fatiguing Cycling Exercise: A Randomized Cross-Over, Placebo-Controlled, And Double-Blind Study. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2021 Nov; 8: 771518. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.771518.

Scholey AB, Tildesley NT, Ballard CG, Wesnes KA, Tasker A, Perry EK et al. An Extract of Salvia (Sage) with Anticholinesterase Properties Improves Memory and Attention in Healthy Older Volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2008 May; 198: 127-39. doi: 10.1007/s00213-008-1101-3.

Ertas A, Yigitkan S, Orhan IE. A Focused Review On Cognitive Improvement by the Genus Salvia L.(Sage)—From Ethnopharmacology to Clinical Evidence. Pharmaceuticals. 2023 Jan; 16(2): 171. doi: 10.3390/ph16020171.

Rong H, Liang Y, Niu Y. Rosmarinic Acid Attenuates Β-Amyloid-Induced Oxidative Stress Via Akt/GSK-3β/Fyn-Mediated Nrf2 Activation in PC12 Cells. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2018 May; 120: 114-23. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.028.

Edwards KD, Dubberke A, Meyer N, Kugel S, Hellhammer J. Assessment of the Effects of a Sage (Salvia officinalis) Extract on Cognitive Performance in Adolescents and Young Adults. Medrxiv. 2021 May: 2021-05. doi: 10.1101/2021.05.28.21257776

Gericke S, Lübken T, Wolf D, Kaiser M, Hannig C, Speer K. Identification of New Compounds from Sage Flowers (Salvia Officinalis L.) As Markers for Quality Control and the Influence of Manufacturing Technology On the Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Sage Flower Extracts. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2018 Feb; 66(8): 1843-53. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00581.

Rabilu SA, Agyemang ED, Farkas B. Antifungal Activity of Salvia Officinalis Subsp. Lavandulifolia and Salvia Officinalis Subsp. Major Aqueous Extracts Against Botrytis Cinerea. Journal of Central European Agriculture. 2021 Jun; 22(2): 420-8. doi: 10.5513/JCEA01/22.2.3104.

Ben Akacha B, Ben Hsouna A, Generalić Mekinić I, Ben Belgacem A, Ben Saad R, Mnif W et al. Salvia Officinalis L. and Salvia Sclarea Essential Oils: Chemical Composition, Biological Activities and Preservative Effects Against Listeria Monocytogenes Inoculated Into Minced Beef Meat. Plants. 2023 Sep; 12(19): 3385. doi: 10.3390/plants12193385.

Lahlou Y, Moujabbir S, Aboukhalaf A, El Amraoui B, Bamhaoud T. Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils of Salvia Officinalis Growing in Morocco. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny. 2023; 74(4). doi: 10.32394/rpzh.2023.0275.

Özüpek B, Pekacar S, Orhan DD. Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents and Biological Activities of Salvia Officinalis and Salvia Triloba Grown with Organic Farming. Fabad Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2023 Mar; 48(1): 125-38. doi: 10.55262/fabadeczacilik.1175781.

Horiuchi K, Shiota S, Hatano T, Yoshida T, Kuroda T, Tsuchiya T. Antimicrobial Activity of Oleanolic Acid from Salvia Officinalis and Related Compounds On Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE). Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2007; 30(6): 1147-9. doi: 10.1248/bpb.30.1147.

Amer AA, Kassem SH, Hussein MA. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Antiviral, and Lung-Protective Activities of Salvia Officinalis L. Ethanol Extract Herb Growing in Sinai, Egypt. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 2024 Apr; 13(1): 39. doi: 10.1186/s43088-024-00498-6.

Shahriari S, Barekatain M, Shahtalebi MA, Farhad SZ. Evaluation of Preventive Antibacterial Properties of a Glass-Ionomer Cement Containing Purified Powder of Salvia Officinalis: An in vitro Study. International Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2019; 10. doi: 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_81_17.

Datta S and Patil S. Evaluation of Traditional Herb Extract Salvia Officinalis in Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmacognosy Journal. 2020; 12(1). doi: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.20.

Lopresti AL. Salvia (Sage): A Review of Its Potential Cognitive-Enhancing and Protective Effects. Drugs in Research and Development. 2017 Mar; 17(1): 53-64. doi: 10.1007/s40268-016-0157-5.

Mot MD, Gavrilaș S, Lupitu AI, Moisa C, Chambre D, Tit DM et al. Salvia Officinalis L. Essential Oil: Characterization, Antioxidant Properties, and the Effects of Aromatherapy in Adult Patients. Antioxidants. 2022 Apr; 11(5): 808. doi: 10.3390/antiox11050808.