2026-04-19T09:12:26Z https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/oai

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/1 2023-02-28T15:22:22Z fbt:O.A driver

Antibacterial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram Negative Bacteria Isolated from Patients with Urinary Tract Infection: Bacteria Causing Urinary Tract Infection Mukhtar, Hina E. coli, Urinary Tract Infection, Antibiotics, Resistant In clinical setting, urinary tract infections (UTIs) rank second among infectious presentations. Each year, around 150 million people receive a UTI diagnosis worldwide. Objectives: To determine the antibacterial sensitivity of meropenem, imipenem and ciprofloxacin against bacteria isolated from patients presented with Urinary Tract Infection. Methods: This Descriptive type Cross-sectional study was carried out at Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Pathology Department of King Edward Medical University. A total of 100 patients were included that had Urinary Tract Infections. Urine culture was done using standardized Cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar. Gram reaction, morphology, and biochemical properties were used to identify bacterial pathogens. Antibiotic sensitivity of the selected Gram negative bacteria was observed by using the Kirby Bauer method for antibiotic susceptibility. Results: The bacteria isolated were E. coli (62%), Klebsiella spp. (11%), Candida spp. (8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7%), Proteus spp. (4%), Staphylococcus spp. (3%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (3%) and Enterobacter spp. (2%). Sensitivity pattern for Ciprofloxacin was 20 (23.3%) sensitive and 66 (76.7%) resistant. Similarly 87.2% were sensitive to Meropenem and 12.8% were resistant. While for Imipenem 95.3% were sensitive and 4.7% were resistant. Conclusions: It was concluded that UTI most commonly caused by E. coli which is a gram negative bacteria followed by Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Enterobacter. Other microorganisms such as Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Candida spp. were also isolated in least amount. Antimicrobial susceptibility showed that Gram negative isolates of uropathogens were highly resistant against Ciprofloxacin and showed sensitivity against Imipenem and Meropenem CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/1 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.1 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 01; 07-11 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/1/3 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.1.g3 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/2 2023-08-18T14:44:42Z fbt:O.A driver

Effect of Different Media Types on In Vitro Wheat Germination: Effect of Media Types in Wheat Germination Anjum, Maleeha Aslam, Maria Wheat, Germination, Media, Germination Frequency, Benzyl Aminopurine Wheat is a very crucial cereal for us as we highly depend on it and in Pakistan it is a crop which is mostly consumed. Wheat prevents colon cancer as it is a good source of dietary fiber. In vitro plant tissue culture is an alternative way to produce high yielding crops. Therefore, through the in vitro propagation of the wheat we can produce wheat with better quality and high nutritional value. Objective: To determine the rate of germination of the seeds of a wheat cultivar on different types of nutrient media.  Methods: In the current study, two different types of media containing different hormones were used to investigate their effect on seed germination. For this purpose, M1 media with 2,4-D and M2 media with a combination of 2,4-D and BAP was used. Plant growth regulators were added in order to induce the germination process. The wheat cultivar Galaxy-2013 was used where 60 seeds were used for each medium. Results: The germination frequency on M1 was 41.66% while the germination frequency on M2 media was 61.66%.  Conclusions: Hence, the results indicate that the combination of the PGRs showed better germination on MS media. This experiment could help in the selection of media which have a better germination capability for future research. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/2 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.2 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 01; 12-16 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/2/2 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.2.g2 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/3 2023-02-28T15:22:50Z fbt:R.E driver

In-vitro Propagation of Pharmacologically Important Medicinally Plants Producing Bioactive Compounds: In-vitro Propagation of Medicinal Plants Safina Zanib, Syeda Hyul Qayoom, M Inam Ul Anwar, Ammara Anwar, Eman Aslam, Maria In-vitro Plant Propagation, Medicinal Plants, Secondary Metabolites, Bioactive Compounds In-vitro plant propagation is one of the promising strategies for sustainable production of medicinal plants. Plant tissue culture involves in-vitro propagation of plant parts under controlled conditions. It is a very useful technique for fundamental and applied research and has many commercial uses. Medicinal plants have been used to treat many diseases since decades. They are enriched with pharmacologically important bio-active compounds. These bio-active compounds can be used to treat different human ailments. Because of over-exploitation of these medicinal plants, there is a need to sustain their production. The most commonly used medicinal plants are Aconite, Alfa Alfa , Aloe Vera, Borage, Comfrey, Ephedra, Germander, Ginkgo biloba, Neem, Licorice, Isapghul, Sassafras, Senna, St. John’s wort ,Neem ,Tulsi. The current review gives insights into important compounds produced by popular medicinal plants. Some of the important bioactive compounds are taxol, methane, acetic acid, carotenoids, flavonoids, carnitine, choline, dithiolthiones, phytosterols, phytoestrogens, glucosinolates, polyphenols, and taurine. The review also focuses on in-vitro propagation of medicinally important plants to ensure their availability irrespective of seasonal and geographical constraints. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/3 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.3 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 01; 02-06 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/3/1 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.3.g1 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/4 2023-02-28T15:32:43Z fbt:edt driver

Inaugural Message from Editor-in-Chief Mehboob, Riffat There could not possibly be a better or more appropriate time to introduce the journal Futuristic Biotechnology (FBT) given the extraordinary advancements made over the past few decades in science and medicine. We have had the good fortune to watch as numerous scientific and medical advancements have been combined to push the boundaries of disease detection and treatment that can affect any part of the body. As a result, numerous cutting-edge therapeutic approaches are currently being developed to address diseases for which there are few effective treatments. Although at first glance these therapeutic approaches seem disparate, closer examination reveals that they all rely on a "shared signalling platform" that is closely linked through biological pathways and has a major impact on patient clinical outcomes. It is evident that cellular and genetic targets have a straightforward effect on numerous disease entities. For many disorders, the conversion of these pathways into useful clinical treatments can be fruitful. FBT was designed with this notion in mind. FBT is an open access, peer-reviewed international journal that publishes broad-spectrum researches with close connection to experimental activity related to biology and biotechnology. FBT is intended for exploring the molecular mechanisms that support key biological processes in biochemistry, cellular biosciences, molecular biology, plant biotechnology, genetic engineering, nanotechnology, regenerative medicine and bioinformatics. Furthermore, it also covers topics related to immunology, antibody production, protein purification studies, primer synthesis, DNA sequencing, production of transgenic animal models, insect resistant crop varieties and edible and ornamental plant varieties. FBT will give the scientific and medical communities an international venue to translate basic and clinical research investigations into clinical therapeutics, as well as to report on prognostics, new therapeutic approaches, and the development of biomarkers. As original research papers, review articles, clinical studies, expert opinion, systematic reviews, meta-analysis, commentaries, and letters to the editor, FBT will provide a variety of platforms for authors to share their ideas and discoveries. In the end, FBT will encourage a thorough, impartial, and helpful appraisal of every paper submitted. All authors will be able to track the development of their papers throughout the phases of evaluation, copyediting, and publication because articles will be processed in a very timely manner. With the debut of FBT, we are incredibly enthusiastic and certain that the journal will significantly fill a gap in the reporting of recent scientific and medical advancements. FBT will act as a global platform for the highest level of scholarship in the scientific and clinical sectors to convert ground-breaking "bench to bedside" innovations into effective treatment procedures. On behalf of the Editorial Team and the Editorial Board, welcome to FBT! CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/4 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.4 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 01; 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/4/4 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.4.g4 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/5 2023-02-28T16:14:11Z fbt:O.A driver

Computer-Aided Drug Designing of Ocimum basilicum Compounds as Therapeutic Agents against RdRp of SARS-CoV2: Computer-Aided Drug Designing of Ocimum basilicum Compounds Shafiq, Mehwish Saif , Rashid Ali, Laraib Ahmad, Tuba Anjum, Iram Sohail, Anood SARS-Cov-2, COVID-19, Ocimum basilicum, Molecular Docking, Nevadensin The prevailing situation of the World is challenging due to COVID-19 pandemic that is caused by SARS-CoV2.  Objectives: To combat with this emerging pandemic by reducing disease severity and infection, the need of hour is to develop an effective vaccine and antiviral candidates as therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV2. Methods: This study was developed for the identification of potential anti-viral agents, from Ocimum basilicum against RdRp of SARS-CoV2. In this concern, nevadensin, ursolic acid, β-Sesquiphellandren, apigenin, nerolidol, nonyl acetate and geranyl acetate were screened out of fifty-seven compounds from Ocimum basilicum based on their best docking scores. The docking results were also compared with already clinically used drugs (Remdesivir and Ribavirin) against the RdRp of SARS-CoV2. Molecular docking was performed using MOE software. The ADMET analysis and drug likeliness were also performed for all screened compounds by using admetSAR, pkCSM and SwissADME. Results: Cumulatively, the optimum binding energies of screened compounds indicated their potential for drug development against SARS-CoV2. It appears promising that nevadensin exhibited a good docking score and high binding affinity towards RdRp of SARS-CoV2. Therefore, it may represent the potential to inhibit COVID-19. Conclusion: Hence, Ocimum basilicum nutraceuticals could be effective therapeutic candidates for the treatment and prevention of COVID-19. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/5 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.5 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 02; 19-23 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/5/25 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.5.g25 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/6 2023-02-28T15:25:09Z fbt:O.A driver

Detection of Tuberculosis on Culture, Comparison of Findings with Fluorescence Microscopy and GeneXpert: Comparison of GeneXpert, Fluorescence Microscopy with Culture Amjad, Asmat Yousuf, Zeeshan Shehzad Muzammil, Hafiz Tuberculosis, Culture, Fluorescence Microscope, Sensitivity, GeneXpert The GeneXpert MTB/RIF technique is used for the identification of tuberculosis and rifampicin (RIF) resistance. Xpert MTB / RIF provides patients with distinct advantages such as early diagnosis. Objectives: To compared the performance of fluorescence microscopy and GeneXpert with culture in TB samples from Narowal, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 299 TB positive specimens were obtained. Among these 54% (n = 160) were categorized to be obtained from male and 46% (n = 139) from female population. The sensitivity and specificity of fluorescence microscopy, GeneXpert and culture of TB samples were done. Results: The parameters including sensitivity and specificity calculated for GeneXpert were 73% and 100%, respectively, while the sensitivity and specificity calculated for culture was 100% and the sensitivity and specificity for FM microscope were 43% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: We conclude that the GeneXpert is more sensitive than FM considering culture as a gold standard. Although the GeneXpert assay was also shown to be able to detect a limited number of bacillus from samples, the culture's sensitivity and specificity were both 100%. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/6 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.6 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 01; 17-20 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/6/5 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.6.g5 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/7 2023-02-28T15:40:23Z fbt:O.A driver

Sensitivity and Resistivity of Various Antibiotics Against of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Clinical Isolates: Antibiotics Against Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Abbas, Ansar Khan, Lahraseb Shehzad Muzammil, Hafiz Mohsin Aftab, Muhammad Antibiotics, Gram Negative Bacteria, Diseases, Patients Antibiotics are an essential therapy for a variety of bacterial infections, but misuse and overuse of them is encouraging bacterial resistance. Objective: To check different drugs' antibacterial effects on Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the goal. Methods: For this experiment, samples were taken from patients in the pathology division of the Fatima Memorial Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. From all of the samples gathered, 170 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were discovered. To identify bacteria, traditional culture and biochemical techniques were performed. Antibacterial activity was determined by comparing the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of all clinical isolates to commercial antibiotic discs (cefazolin, cefepime, cefixime, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cephalothin, amikacin, amoxycillin, ampicillin, Augmentin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamycin, imipenem. Results: Imipenem (100% sensitivity), Ceftazidime (99%), Linezolid (99%), Clindamycin (99%), Gentamycin (92%), Ciprofloxacin (88%), Levofloxacin (78%), and Cefotaxime (71%), among other antibiotics, shown remarkable sensitivity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions: We came to the conclusion that all clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa exhibited broad resistance to meropenem, ampicillin, cefuroxime, and cefepime. To reduce antibiotic resistance, technical infrastructure must be improved. Appropriate antibiotic selection and advised hand washing are two such measures. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/7 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.7 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 01; 25-28 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/7/7 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.7.g7 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/8 2025-01-22T15:01:42Z fbt:O.A driver

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/9 2023-02-28T15:47:54Z fbt:O.A driver

Proteus vulgaris Response to Various Antibacterial Agents: Proteus vulgaris Antibacterial Response Abbas, Ansar Shahzad Muzammil, Hafiz Asif, Hina Proteus vulgaris, Antibiotics, Gram Negative Bacteria, Patients Proteus vulgaris is commonly associated with urinary tract infections, wound infections and sepsis. The ability of microorganisms to resist antibiotic actions is referred to as antibiotic resistance. Objective: To compare the antibacterial effects of various medications on clinical isolates of P. vulgaris was the goal. Methods: Over the course of a year, 1000 samples were collected in a cross-sectional study at a hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was used to test for antibiotic susceptibility. Results: It was determined that the most efficient antibacterial medicines against P. vulgaris. were Imipenem, Gentamycin, Amikacin, Augmentin, Linezolid, Levofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Norfloxacine, and Cefazolin. On the other hand, Meropenem, Cephalothin, Rifampicin, Cefoxitin, and Ampicillin had little effect on Proteus vulgaris. Conclusions: The study emphasizes the significance of preventative measures, such as responsible antibiotic use, the development of novel treatments, and the application of infection control techniques in healthcare settings, to effectively manage and prevent the spread of resistance. Antibiotic resistance in P. vulgaris is becoming a growing cause for concern. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/9 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.9 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 02; 14-17 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/9/13 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.9.g13 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/10 2023-02-28T15:42:43Z fbt:R.E driver

Dengue: An Overview of Pathogenesis and Analysis of Disease: Dengue: An Overview of Pathogenesis and Analysis of Disease Naeem, Nida Obaid Tahir, Muhammad Mobeen, Taha Khan, Lahrasb Mahmood, Amna Dengue, infection, virus Dengue as a viral infection was or is a serious issue. With the time this viral infection changes within it’s environment. Researches are conducted to completely know the genome of dengue as well as it’s long lasting treatment. Both flaviviruses and mammalian cells produce NS1 and induce strong humoral responses in circulation. NS1 levels correlate with viral titer and can be used as a viremia marker. The disappearance of NS1 at high concentrations between low nanograms per milliliter and micrograms per milliliter was determined using numerical ELISA detection. NS1 levels as high as 600 nanograms per milliliter during secondary infection have been found to indicate high levels of severe disease within his first 72 hours of illness CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/10 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.10 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 02; 02-04 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/10/9 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.10.g9 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/11 2023-03-01T12:35:59Z fbt:edt driver

The Impact of Biotechnology on Agriculture and Food Production: A Promising Future Akram Tariq, Muhammad Biotechnology has been playing a crucial role in the advancement of agriculture and food production for many years. The integration of cutting-edge technologies such as genetic engineering, molecular biology, and robotics has allowed for the development of new and improved methods for growing crops, producing livestock, and processing food. These innovations have the potential to revolutionize the way we produce food, making it more sustainable, efficient, and accessible for all. One of the key benefits of biotechnology in agriculture is the ability to develop crops that are more resilient to pests, disease, and environmental stressors. For example, genetically modified crops have been developed that are resistant to herbicides, which reduces the need for harmful chemicals in agriculture. This not only benefits the environment, but it also reduces the cost of production and increases the yield of crops. Additionally, genetically modified crops that are resistant to drought and extreme weather conditions can be grown in areas where traditional crops would not thrive, increasing food security in these regions [1]. Another significant impact of biotechnology on agriculture is the ability to produce crops with enhanced nutritional content. For example, crops such as rice and cassava have been modified to include increased levels of essential vitamins and minerals, providing a solution to micronutrient deficiencies in many parts of the world [2]. This technology has the potential to improve the health and well-being of millions of people, especially in developing countries where access to nutritious food is limited. The advancements in biotechnology have also had a positive impact on food production by improving processing methods and increasing the shelf life of food products. Biotechnology has allowed for the development of new food preservation techniques that keep food fresh for longer periods of time, reducing food waste and making food more accessible for consumers. Additionally, biotechnology has been used to improve the quality of food products by reducing spoilage, enhancing flavor, and improving texture. Despite the numerous benefits of biotechnology in agriculture and food production, there are also concerns that need to be addressed. For example, there is a growing concern about the potential health risks associated with consuming genetically modified crops. Additionally, there are concerns about the impact of biotechnology on traditional agriculture practices and the livelihoods of small farmers in developing countries. In conclusion, the impact of biotechnology on agriculture and food production is both promising and complex. While it has the potential to revolutionize the way we produce food, making it more sustainable, efficient, and accessible, it is important to consider the potential drawbacks and ethical implications of these technologies. As we move forward, it will be crucial for policymakers, researchers, and the public to engage in informed and meaningful discussions about the future of biotechnology in agriculture and food production, and to ensure that these technologies are used for the benefit of all. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/11 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.11 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 02; 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/11/10 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.11.g10 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/12 2025-01-22T15:03:45Z fbt:edt driver

Wastewater Treatment Using Biotechnological Approach Kausar, Humera Hazardous chemicals are forming at an accelerating rate due to a growing global population, necessitating ecological response. Wastewater management and treatment is a costly operation that needs the right technological integration to make it more practical and affordable. Algae are highly sought-after as potential feedstocks for a variety of applications, such as sustainability of environmental, the generation of bioproducts with high-worth, and the manufacturing of biofuels. One technique to reduce wastewater contamination is microalgae bioremediation. The demand for effective greenhouse gas reduction, wastewater treatment biomass reuse and nutrient recovery, has spurred a major concern in the microalgae use of wastewater treatment. Algal biomass can also be used to produce high-value bioproducts and bioenergy. Researchers from all over the world have investigated the use of microalgae for food additives, biofuels, and the production of bioactive and medicinal compounds. The commercial use of algae is now prohibited by technological and financial constraints, and efficient downstream processes are required to lower production costs. Therefore, using microalgae for both biofuel generation and wastewater treatment simultaneously could be a cost-effective way to solve both problems [1]. A different method is to use native bacteriophages as markers to detect the existence of enteric viruses of human, taking into account the bacteriophages. Native bacteriophages in particular share many characteristics with enteric viruses of human, including composition, size, structure, and replication-related elements. For instance, bacteriophages e.g FRNA have an isoelectric point (IEP) of 3.9and dimensions of about 25 nm and, which are related to those of the enterovirus (human) and hepatitis A virus (both of which have sizes of 22–30 nm and IEPs of 4.0–6.4). (IEP 2.8, 27e28 nm). Importantly, the technology used in bacteriophage assays is the quickest and least expensive for identifying human enteric viruses. Researchers are actively striving to quantitatively examine the link between human enteric viruses and native bacteriophages in order to determine the best indicator and improve prediction accuracy. Nevertheless, contrasting assumptions have emerged from the published investigations. The elimination of human pathogenic waterborne viruses, particularly enteric viruses of human, is a crucial factor to consider when assessing the efficiency of membrane treatment in the production of wastewater and drinking water [2]. An effective method for treating spent water that uses little energy is deammonification, which combines partial nitridation and anaerobic ammonium oxidation. Winsgoal tidak hanya menyediakan kemudahan deposit qris, tetapi juga tersedia deposit slot idn pulsa tanpa potongan, e-wallet dan transfer bank yang tidak kalah menarik. Since the 1990s, when Anammox bacteria were first found, numerous full-scale side stream deammonification units handling high-ammonia used water have been operating successfully. However, there haven't been many reports of this method being utilized extensively to treat municipal waste water with low ammonia concentrations [3]. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/12 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.12 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 01; 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/12/16 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.12.g16 Copyright (c) 2022 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/13 2023-02-28T16:14:11Z fbt:edt driver

Microbial Biotechnology and Bioremediation Jawad Ahmed, Fridoon Microbial biotechnology is a rapidly growing field that leverages the abilities of microorganisms for practical applications. From producing biofuels to removing pollutants, microorganisms play a crucial role in shaping our world. Bioremediation is one of the most promising applications of microbial biotechnology, using microorganisms to clean up contaminated sites and restore ecosystems. The impact of human activities has led to widespread pollution, and traditional methods of remediation are often expensive, time-consuming, and not environmentally friendly. Microbial biotechnology offers a sustainable and cost-effective alternative.   Bioremediation can be performed using indigenous microorganisms or by introducing specific strains of microorganisms that are capable of breaking down contaminants. These microorganisms use the pollutants as a source of energy and nutrients, transforming them into harmless substances. This process not only cleans up the site, but it also helps to restore the natural ecosystem and biodiversity. The field of microbial biotechnology has made significant progress in recent years, with advancements in molecular biology and genomics enabling a deeper understanding of microorganisms and their capabilities. The development of new bioremediation techniques has allowed for the efficient removal of a wide range of contaminants, including heavy metals, oil and other petroleum products, and toxic organic compounds. These techniques have proven to be effective in treating contaminated soil, groundwater, and surface water [1].   However, the implementation of bioremediation techniques is not without its challenges. One of the biggest challenges is identifying the most effective strains of microorganisms for a specific contamination site. The environmental conditions, such as pH, temperature, and nutrient levels, can have a significant impact on the efficacy of bioremediation. Furthermore, the presence of multiple contaminants can complicate the process, requiring the use of multiple strains of microorganisms. Despite these challenges, the benefits of bioremediation, including sustainability and cost-effectiveness, make it a promising solution for cleaning up contaminated sites.   The impact of microbial biotechnology and bioremediation goes beyond just environmental remediation. By leveraging the abilities of microorganisms, we can also contribute to the development of new and innovative technologies. For example, biorefineries are being developed to produce biofuels, bioplastics, and other bioproducts using sustainable processes. This not only helps to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels, but it also helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development.   Microbial biotechnology and bioremediation are critical fields that offer solutions to some of the biggest environmental challenges facing our world. With continued investment and research, we can develop and implement more effective and sustainable bioremediation techniques. These techniques will play a key role in cleaning up contaminated sites, restoring ecosystems, and promoting sustainable development. It is our hope that the benefits of microbial biotechnology and bioremediation will be recognized and supported by governments, organizations, and the public, allowing us to make a positive impact on our world. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/13 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.13 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 02; 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/13/22 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.13.g22 Copyright (c) 2022 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/14 2023-03-21T13:01:20Z fbt:O.A driver

Seroprevalence of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Livestock, Pakistan: Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Livestock Yamin, Maham Farooq, Umer Qasim, Muhammad Khalid, Madiha Javed, Aneela Zoonosis, Livestock, Ticks, CCHFV diagnostics, One health, Emerging Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is among the deadly human pathogens which cause a highly lethal haemorrhagic fever. CCHFV, a high-priority zoonotic pathogen is distributed widely and is transmitted in a vertical transmission cycle through these animals. Humans get infected by an infected tick bite, contact with viremic livestock blood, and through nosocomial route. Several CCHFV outbreaks have been reported for the past 2 decades in Pakistan and the virus has emerged in previously non-endemic regions as well. It is important to screen animals for CCHFV through an efficient diagnostic assay to prevent the viral zoonotic spill over to humans. Objectives: To screen the presence of CCHFV in sera collected from cattle, goat, and sheep in various regions in Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Sindh through a pre-established IgG ELISA assay. Methods: A recombinant nucleoprotein (rNP) of CCHFV was used to capture the anti CCFHV IgG antibodies in the animal sera. Results: Among 164 animals tested, 65% (103/164) showed the presence of IgG CCHFV antibodies. From the total 103 animals tested positive, 14.5 % (CI 0-28.2%) were cattle, 63.7% (CI 38.5-60.3%) were goats and 42% (CI 24.4-48.8%) were sheep. Conclusions: High seroprevalence of the CCHFV was expected from these areas as numerous cases of CCHFV have been reported previously. Since no commercial tests are available for the detection of CCHFV-specific antibodies in animals, this IgG ELISA test can be used to screen the animals in areas at risk such as those that have the presence of permissive ticks CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/14 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.14 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 02; 15-18 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/14/23 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.14.g23 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/15 2023-02-28T15:39:18Z fbt:O.A driver

Evaluation of Gene Expression of TNF-α in Healthy Subjects: Gene Expression of TNF-α Anees, Samra Sharif, Saima Roman, Muhammad Jahan, Shah Healthy Subjects, TNF-α, Gene Expression Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a cytokine involved in the immune response, inflammation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of TNF-α expression has been associated with various diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancer, and chronic inflammatory conditions. Understanding the regulation of TNF-α expression in healthy individuals can help identify potential therapeutic targets for these diseases. Objective: To evaluate of gene expression of TNF-α in healthy subjects. Methods: The cross-sectional study conducted on 40 individuals on healthy individuals. RNA was extracted and TNF-α gene expression was evaluated using PCR and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: The evaluation of TNF-α gene expression in healthy individuals has also led to the identification of potential biomarkers of disease and new therapeutic targets. Conclusion: In conclusion, the evaluation of TNF-α gene expression in healthy individuals is an important tool for identifying potential biomarkers of disease and understanding the physiological role of this cytokine. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/15 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.15 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 01; 21-24 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/15/8 10.54393/fbt.v1i01.15.g8 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/16 2023-02-28T16:03:18Z fbt:O.A driver

Exploring the Relationship between TNF-α Gene Expression in Non Diabetic Nephropathy Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Relationship between TNF-α Gene Expression and Non Diabetic Nephropathy Roman, Muhammad Anees, Samra Sharif, Saima Jahan, Shah TNF-α, Non Diabetic Nephropathy, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Non-diabetic nephropathy (NDN) is a common complication of type 2 diabetes, leading to kidney damage and impaired kidney function. TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that has been implicated in the development of NDN. Objective: To evaluate the gene expression of TNF-α in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without nephropathy to gain insight into the potential role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: Total of 80 subjects were tested, split into two groups, including healthy patients, T2DM patients without nephropathy, and T2DM patients with nephropathy. RNA was extracted from blood samples, and RT-PCR was used to observe the impact of T2DM without nephropathy on the expression of the TNF-α gene using gene-specific primers and SYBR Green mix. Results: The results showed almost 4.4-fold induced expression of TNF-α in T2DM patients without nephropathy compared to the normal group. Conclusion: The findings may have implications for the development of new therapies and biomarkers for DN, and for a good interpretation of the complex pathophysiology of T2DM. The exact role of TNF-α in the pathogenesis of DN in humans is not fully understood, and further investigation is needed. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/16 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.16 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 01; 07-10 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/16/18 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.16.g18 Copyright (c) 2022 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/17 2023-02-28T16:14:11Z fbt:O.A driver

Assessment of TNF-α Gene Expression in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Nephropathy: Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Nephropathy Sharif, Saima Anees, Samra Roman, Muhammad Jahan, Shah Type 2 Diabetes, TNF-α, Gene Expression Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its complications, including nephropathy, are a significant public health concern worldwide. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in the development and progression of chronic inflammatory diseases, including T2DM and diabetic nephropathy. Objective: To evaluate of TNF-α gene expression in patients with T2DM and nephropathy compared to healthy individuals. Methods: The cross-sectional study conducted on 120 individuals divided into three groups: healthy individuals, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without diabetic nephropathy, and T2DM patients with nephropathy. RNA was extracted and TNF-α gene expression was evaluated using PCR and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. Results: The results showed almost 4.2-fold induced expression of TNF-α in T2DM patients without nephropathy compared to the normal group. Conclusion: The study reports that in diabetic nephropathy patients, Gene expression of gene TNF-a shows increases in cases when compared with healthy subjects CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/17 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.17 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 02; 07-10 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/17/27 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.17.g27 Copyright (c) 2022 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/18 2023-02-28T16:14:11Z fbt:O.A driver

VEGF Genotype and Allele Frequency of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic retinopathy in Lahore, Pakistan: Genotype of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic retinopathy Anees, Samra Shareef, Saima Roman, Muhammad Jahan, Shah Diabetic Retinopathy, Diabetes Mellitus, Genotype, Allele Diabetic retinopathy is characterized as basement membrane (BM) thickening, pericyte loss, endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, microaneurysms, microvascular infarcts and neovascularization in a patient with diabetic retinopathy. Objectives: To determine the VEGF genotype and allele frequency of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A total of 100 blood samples were taken including diabetes mellitus (50) and diabetic retinopathy patients (50). Diseased and control subjects were selected for blood sampling. Demographic and clinical characteristics was evaluated. The BMI, HbA1c and the blood pressure of both groups were also examined. The VEGF genotype and allele frequency of diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy was done. The statistical analysis was done by chi-square test and SPSS to study significant differences in control and diabetic retinopathy subjects. Results: The normal estimation of DM group was 46.18 ± 1.23 years while of DR class was 52.86 ± 1.36 years. The mean value of BMI of DM group was 26.0±0.62 while of DR group was 26.57±0.70. DD genetic mutation was substantially higher in diabetic retinopathy bunch (p<0.05) relative to the II gene mutation, the huge contrasts (p<0.05) were seen in diabetic group. Conclusions: This study concluded that Vascular endothelial growth factor gene was detected in both group of diabetes. In retinopathy people with T2DM the substantial elevated VEGF DD genetic variation was seen relative to retinopathy people without diabetes. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/18 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.18 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 02; 11-14 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/18/24 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.18.g24 Copyright (c) 2022 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/19 2023-02-28T16:03:18Z fbt:O.A driver

VEGF Gene Polymorphism Among Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Retinopathy: VEGF Gene Polymorphism in Diabetes Anees, Samra Shareef, Saima Roman, Muhammad Jahan, Shah Gene Polymorphism, VEGF, Diabetes, Diabetic Retinopathy Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major angiogenic factor and a prime regulator of endothelial cell proliferation. VEGF gene is located on chromosome 6 (6p21.3). Objectives: To determine whether deletion at -2549 position of promoter region of the VEGF gene exert influence on the development of diabetic retinopathy. Methods: Diseased and control subjects were selected for blood sampling. The blood samples (n=50) was taken from diabetic retinopathy patients and blood samples(n=50) was taken from type 2 diabetes mellitus patients as control group. After DNA extraction Polymerase Chain Reaction was performed to amplify the VEGF gene and sequencing was commercially done for molecular analysis of VEGF gene. Results: The molecular analysis confirmed that deletion at -2549 position of the promoter region of VEGF significantly greater in DR group. 2-11 % deletion was examined at -2549 position of promoter region of VEGF. The DD genotype was responsible for the development of DR. Conclusions: This study indicates that DD gene mutation and D allele is an autonomous hazard aspect for the advancement and progression of retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes, additionally different issues for example diabetic age and family ancestry of diabetes assumes key function in the advancement of retinopathy in diabetic patients. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/19 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.19 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 01; 02-06 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/19/17 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.19.g17 Copyright (c) 2022 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/20 2023-02-28T16:14:11Z fbt:O.A driver

Clinical Implication of Hepatic Phosphatases in Hyperthyroidism: Hepatic Phosphatases in Hyperthyroidism Fareed Siddiqui, Maria Raza, Muhammad Mohsin Aftab, Muhammad Hyperthyroidism, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Liver Function Thyroid hormones significantly affect the proper growth, development and functioning of liver. It has been seen that the drugs indicated for thyroid abnormalities also cause troubles in liver function. Objective: To check the effect of thyroid abnormality on liver function. Methods: Patients were recruited from Center of Nuclear Medicine and examined for their thyroid status and liver functions. Results: The results obtained through biochemical tests for potential biomarkers were further explored through statistical analysis which showed the strong correlation between disturbed function of thyroid gland and liver working. Any variation in thyroid function brings change in liver functioning. Conclusions: Therefore, while treating thyroid patients, combination therapy must be recommended to effectively treat the associated disorder and increasing the better social and psychological status of the patient.  Furthermore, patients coming with thyroid dysfunction must also be examined for liver abnormalities so that culprit cause of this thyroid abnormality could be treated from the root if present. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/20 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.20 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 02; 02-06 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/20/26 10.54393/fbt.v2i02.20.g26 Copyright (c) 2022 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/21 2023-03-01T12:36:52Z fbt:O.A driver

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/22 2023-03-04T15:09:11Z fbt:O.A driver

Influence of different Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on the Production of Single Cell Biomass from Potato Peels: Effect of Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on Production of Biomass Nadeem, Hira Optimization, Biomass, Potato peels, Carbon, Nitrogen Potato peel can be converted into various value-added compounds, such as enzymes, bio sorbents, biohydrogen, and biogas. Objective: To evaluate the influence of different Carbon and Nitrogen Sources on the Production of Single Cell Biomass from potato peels. Methods: The process of fermentation was carried out in mix broth with different concentrations of carbon, nitrogen, and different nitrogen sources to determine the effect of these factors on the production of SCP. Results: Maximum yield of dry cell biomass (0.251 and 0.245 g/100 ml) was achieved with organic nitrogen source peptone and inorganic nitrogen source ammonium sulphate, respectively. Ammonium sulphate is more suitable to use as peptone is expensive organic nitrogen source. Next optimization of nitrogen concentration was done with ammonium sulphate with different concentrations and best yield (0.190 g/100 ml) was obtained with 1.5% nitrogen concentration. Conclusions: In conclusion, the study suggests that ammonium sulphate is a more suitable nitrogen source than peptone for maximizing the yield of dry cell biomass. Additionally, optimization of nitrogen concentration with ammonium sulphate showed that a 1.5% concentration is the best for achieving the highest yield. These findings have important implications for improving the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of industrial-scale production of dry cell biomass CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/22 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.22 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 01; 11-15 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/22/20 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.22.g20 Copyright (c) 2022 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/23 2023-03-04T15:11:47Z fbt:O.A driver

Computational Prediction of Cymbopogon Citratus Compounds as Promising Inhibitors of Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2: Computational Prediction of Cymbopogon Citratus Compounds Ahmad, Tuba Saif, Rashid Hassan Raza, Muhammad Osama Zafar, Muhammad Zia, Saeeda Shafiq, Mehwish Ali, Laraib Younas, Hooria SARS-CoV-2, Main Protease, COVID-19, MOE, Molecular Docking, MDS Analysis There is a dire need to develop any antiviral therapy for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Objective: To investigate the potential therapeutic drug agents from Cymbopogon citratus compounds against the main-protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Initial screening was carried out using molecular docking, dynamic simulation followed by ADMET profiling and Lipinski’s physiochemical parameters for prediction of drug likeliness. MOE/PyRx was used for docking before determining the stability of the best complexes through NAMD/VMD softwares. Moreover, SwissADME and admetSAR web-based tools were used for drug likeliness of the best complexes. Results: Out of total 50 compounds, 11 presented the lowest binding energies which includes tannic acid, isoorientin, swertiajaponin, chlorogenic acid, cymbopogonol, warfarin, citral diethyl acetal, citral acetate, luteolin, kaempferol and cianidanol with binding energies of -8.12, -7.38, -7.33, -6.88, -6.48, -6.32, -6.31, -6.18, -6.18, -6.13 and -6.02, respectively. Current studies show isoorientin, chlorogenic acid and tannic acid as the promising drug agents using RMSD, Hbond, heatmap graphs. Conclusion: Further in-vivo experiments are suggested to ascertain the medicinal use of these potential inhibitors against COVID-19. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/23 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.23 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 01; 20-25 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/23/28 https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/23/29 https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/23/30 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.23.g28 Copyright (c) 2022 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/24 2023-03-04T15:10:06Z fbt:O.A driver

Assessment of Risk Factors of Septicemia : Assessment of Risk Factors of Septicemia Hasnain, Ammarah Khalid, Sidra Alwazzan, Ahmad Septicemia, Risk Factors, Hypertension, Diabetes, Smoking Septicemia, commonly referred to as blood poisoning, is a potentially life-threatening medical condition caused by the presence of harmful bacteria in the bloodstream. Objective: To assess risk factors of septicemia and observe correlation between them. Methods: This study is cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational. From the medical wards and Accident & Emergency Department of Mayo Hospital Lahore, 101 patients with septicemia were removed. Data was entered into a Performa created specifically for this use. Results: 15/32 patients of UTI, 11/18 patients of bed sores, 6/13 patients having chest infection, 4/8 patients having wound infection, 4/6 patients of hepatic encephalopathy and 3/6 patients of CVA were diabetic. Correlation at two levels was seen i.e., 0.05 which is an indicative of significant correlation and 0.01 which indicates highly significant correlation. Conclusions: Understanding the risk factors associated with septicemia is crucial for preventing and managing this condition. Age, male sex, diabetes, smoking, hypertension, and immunocompromised status have all been identified as significant risk factors for septicemia. Improving early life conditions, increasing vitamin D intake, and improving nutritional status may also play a role in reducing the risk of septicemia. CrossLinks International Publishers 2022-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/24 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.24 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2022: Volume 02 Issue 01; 16-19 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v2i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/24/21 10.54393/fbt.v2i01.24.g21 Copyright (c) 2022 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/25 2023-02-28T15:50:33Z fbt:O.A driver

Septicemia in Patients Admitted at Mayo Hospital due to Wound Infection: Septicemia in Patients due to Wound Infection Manzoor, Zoya Azhar, Muhammad Tanvir, Imrana Septicemia, Wounds Infection, ALT, AST Septicemia may result due to invasive procedures undertaking in medical sections. Patients are more likely to experience septicemia after endoscopic biliary drainage/stenting. Objectives: To find septicemia in patients admitted at Mayo hospital due to wound infection. Method: In a tertiary care hospital in Lahore, 101 confirmed cases of septicemia were the subject of an observational cross-sectional study. Any case of septicemia, whether it developed before or during a hospital stay, is included in the study. All patients' test results were collected between 24 hours of admission. Patients of both sexes were included, and their ages were broken down into three ranges: 30–50, 51–70, and 71–90. Results: Septicemia due to wound infection was seen in 8 patients out of which 5 were males and 3 were females. Bilirubin was high in 3/5 males but normal in 3/3 females. Blood glucose was high in 4/5 males and normal in 2/3 females. Blood urea was high in 4/5 males and 3/3 females. Creatinine was high in 7/8 patients. Conclusion: Major causes of septicemia were wound infection. Septicemia due to wound infection was seen in majority of patients. ALT, AST and  ALP was high while total protein was normal in septicemia due to wound infection CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/25 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.25 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 02; 22-25 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/25/15 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.25.g15 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/26 2023-03-01T06:37:13Z fbt:O.A driver

Conversion of Potato Peels into Single Cell Protein: Potato Peels into Single Cell Protein Nadeem, Hira Single cell protein, Potato peels, Fermentation The economic expansion in developing countries can be achieved by converting their low cost industrial and agricultural wastes into more valuable resultants with the help of emerging scientific approaches. Objective: to produce single cell protein from microorganism (fungus) through the process of submerged fermentation utilizing the agro-industrial waste (potato peel) as substrate. Methods: Four broths (control, glucose broth, potato peel broth and mix broth) were prepared. The maximum dry cell biomass (0.523 g/100 ml) was obtained with mix broth which was unitized for further research. All the broths were supplemented with potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride, and yeast extract. Result: The growth of fungal biomass in stirred tank and bubble column fermenter was compared and optimum yield was obtained with bubble column fermenter (5.45 g/100ml). This bioconversion will not only supply protein rich food but also help in control of environmental pollution. Conclusion: It is concluded that potato peels can be an attractive substrate for the production of single cell protein as they are good source of sugar and other nutrients required for the support of microorganisms CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/26 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.26 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 02; 09-13 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/26/12 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.26.g12 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/27 2023-02-28T15:49:24Z fbt:O.A driver

The Link Between Chest Infections and Septicemia: Chest Infections and Septicemia Alwazzan, Ahmed Aslam, Maria Khalid, Sidra Khan, Lahrasab Chest Infections, Septicemia, Sepsis Septicemia, also known as sepsis, is a serious and life-threatening condition that can occur when the body's immune system responds uncontrollably to an infection in the chest, such as pneumonia or bronchitis. Chest infections can cause septicemia when the infection spreads from the lungs to other parts of the body, such as the bloodstream. Objective: To explore the link between septicemia and chest infection. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study that was conducted at Mayo Hospital in Lahore. The study included 101 patients with septicemia who were admitted to the medical wards and emergency room. Each patient underwent a liver function test, a kidney function test, and a full blood count. The data were analyzed using the latest version of SPSS. Results: Among the 101 patients, 13 patients (8 males and 5 females) were found to have septicemia due to chest infection. The patients had varying levels of bilirubin, blood glucose, blood urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, ALT, AST, ALP, total protein, albumin, white blood cells, platelets, and hemoglobin. Conclusions: Chest infections such as pneumonia and bronchitis can lead to septicemia, which can be life-threatening. Early detection and treatment of chest infections are important to prevent the development of septicemia. Patients with weakened immune systems or chronic lung disease should be closely monitored for signs of infection. This study provides insight into the characteristics of septicemia due to chest infection, which can help healthcare professionals in the diagnosis and management of this condition. CrossLinks International Publishers 2021-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/27 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.27 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2021: Volume 01 Issue 02; 18-21 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v1i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/27/14 10.54393/fbt.v1i02.27.g14 Copyright (c) 2021 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/32 2023-07-03T08:29:04Z fbt:O.A driver

Rhizosphere: An Ideal Site for PGPR Screening: Rhizosphere: An Ideal Site for PGPR Screening Ahmed, Ambreen Tariq, Aqsa Rhizosphere, Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp, PGPR Rhizosphere is the thin layer of soil surrounding plant roots and play important role in plant-bacterial interactions. This rhizospheric region around plant roots is an area rich in plant growth promoting bacteria. These plant-associated bacteria usually promote plant growth through various direct or indirect mechanisms including phosphorous solubilization, phytohormone production, nitrogen fixation, iron sequestration via siderophores and production of extracellular polymeric substances etc. PGPR modify root system of plants by the production of various phytohormones which facilitate the uptake of nutrients from soil more efficiently resulting in enhanced plant growth. Objective: To study the growth conditions of bacterial isolates. Methods:  In the current study, rhizobacterial isolates have been isolated from indigenous environment and characterized macroscopically, microscopically, and biochemically. These isolates have been biochemically identified using Bergey’s Manual of systematic bacteriology and using ABIS 7 online software and evaluated for their various growth promoting attributes. Results: AS2 was identified as Bacillus sp., while AS3 and AS4 were identified as Pseudomonas sp. All three strains exhibited auxin production, nitrogen fixation, and HCN production capabilities. However, AS4 lacked ammonification and zinc solubilization potential, and AS3 lacked ACC deaminase activity. Conclusions: It is concluded that these bacterial isolates have ability to promote plant growth. These bacterial isolates can be further used for plant stimulating agents for sustainable agriculture practices. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/32 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.32 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 07-11 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/32/33 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.32.g33 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/33 2023-07-15T06:38:47Z fbt:O.A driver

In Silico Assessment of Post Translational Modifications Caused by NRAS Gene SNPs in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Post Translational Modifications Caused by NRAS Gene Aslam, Maria Muhammad Akram, Afia Tahir, Asma Jamil, Khansa AML, NRAS, In silico, nsSNPs, PTM Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a blood cancer and a malignant disorder of the bone marrow in which hematopoietic precursors are ceased at an early stage of development, preventing them from differentiating. The NRAS gene plays a vital role in regulating cell division. The mutation in this gene leads to an increased activity of the RAS pathway, increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis rates which causes AML. Objective: To identify the deleterious SNPs involved in AML and to further analyze them using bioinformatics tools. Methods: The missense nsSNPs (Q61H, Q61L, G13V, G13R, and G12A) of NRAS were retrieved from NCBI databases. Results: Using in silico analysis, it was found that these pathogenic SNPs could disrupt the protein stability. These mutations were present in the conserved region and had the potential to significantly alter the protein's secondary structure and impair its functionality. The structural effect of mutations was observed by generating 3D models. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins refers to the chemical modifications that occur after a protein is formed to make it functionally capable. Analyzing PTMs via in silico analysis revealed that missense mutations affect protein functionality. The level of methylation was significantly high in AML patients. These SNPs might affect additional proteins which are functionally associated. Conclusions: The highlighted SNPs could be suitable targets for future research on proteins, biological markers, and medical diagnosis.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/33 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.33 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 25-31 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/33/37 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.33.g37 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/35 2023-07-03T13:34:36Z fbt:edt driver

CRISPR-Cas9: The Future of Precision Genome Engineering Akram Tariq, Muhammad CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, has garnered significant attention in the scientific community and beyond. This innovative technology holds immense promise for precision genome engineering, enabling scientists to modify DNA with unprecedented accuracy. The potential applications of CRISPR-Cas9 are vast, ranging from treating genetic disorders to enhancing agricultural crops. As we delve into the era of personalized medicine and genetic advancements, CRISPR-Cas9 emerges as a game-changer in the field of biotechnology. At the core of CRISPR-Cas9 lies its ability to precisely target and edit specific genes within the genome. This powerful tool utilizes RNA molecules as guides to direct the Cas9 enzyme to the desired DNA sequence, where it makes precise cuts. By introducing modifications or repairs to the DNA at these targeted sites, researchers can potentially correct genetic mutations responsible for diseases. The ability to edit the human genome with such precision offers hope for treating previously incurable genetic disorders and improving patient outcomes. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas9 has implications beyond human health. It has the potential to revolutionize agriculture by enhancing crop resistance to pests, improving yields, and reducing the need for harmful pesticides. By modifying specific genes in plants, scientists can develop crops that are more resilient to environmental stressors, ultimately contributing to global food security and sustainability efforts. Despite its immense potential, CRISPR-Cas9 also raises ethical considerations and concerns. The technology's power to edit the human germline raises questions about the potential for unintended consequences and the need for responsible use. The scientific community and policymakers must engage in thoughtful discussions and establish guidelines to ensure the ethical and responsible implementation of CRISPR-Cas9. CRISPR-Cas9 represents a landmark advancement in precision genome engineering, offering unprecedented opportunities to reshape the future of healthcare and agriculture. By harnessing its potential, we can envision a world where previously untreatable genetic diseases are curable, crops are more resilient and productive, and our understanding of the genetic basis of life is deepened. However, as we embrace the future of CRISPR-Cas9, it is crucial to navigate the ethical implications and ensure responsible use to maximize the benefits and minimize potential risks. The potential of this transformative technology is immense, and its impact on society will be profound. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/35 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.35 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/35/31 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.35.g31 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/36 2023-07-03T08:29:04Z fbt:O.A driver

Effect of Anti-Hypertensive Drug Atenolol on Liver Function by Evaluating ALT levels : Drug Atenolol on Liver Function by Evaluating ALT levels Fareed Siddiqui, Maria Rasheed, Mehreen Alwazzan, Ahmad Sarwar, Sadia ALT level, Hypertension, Atenolol Hypertension is one of the major causes of cardiovascular and renal pathologies and it is mainly characterized by high blood pressure in blood vessels. Many drugs have been developed to treat hypertension, but these drugs have several side effects. Atenolol belongs to the beta blocker drug class and is used to treat hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. It is an anti-beta-adrenergic agent which inhibits beta receptors in the heart to decrease blood pressure. It has several side effects including hepatic dysfunctions. Objective: To analyze the effects of atenolol on hepatic dysfunction by evaluating the ALT level in patients taking either atenolol alone or in combination with other hypertensive drugs. Methods: The change in ALT levels were measured upon treatment of atenolol alone or in combination with other anti-hypertensive drugs. Out of selected 80 patients, 43 had been taking atenolol alone, 37 were taking atenolol in combination with other anti-hypertensive drugs and 20 were healthy controls. Micro-laboratory tests were performed for measuring the ALT levels. Results: Atenolol did not affect the ALT levels of any group, neither alone nor in combination with other hypertensive drugs. Conclusions: Atenolol may cause hepatic dysfunction but according to this study it does not cause change in ALT level of blood and ALT is not elevated in all liver dysfunction as have been reported earlier so it didn’t diminish the chance of effect of atenolol on liver functions. Further this study may be employed on larger patient groups for strengthening the outcomes of this study. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/36 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.36 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 02-06 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/36/32 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.36.g32 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/37 2023-07-03T08:29:04Z fbt:O.A driver

Utilization of Peach Juice as Substrate for Lactobacillus casei to Develop Probiotic Beverage: Peach Juice as Substrate for Lactobacillus casei Parveen, Sehrish Ain, Qura tul Peach, Probiotics, Physicochemical, Lactobacillus casei, Fermenting Agents The probiotic L. casei is proved to be very effective against pathogenic microorganisms. Peach fruit is a packed with bundle of nutrients which can be utilized for medicinal purpose i.e. anti-cancerous, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammation, improve vision and to treat cardiovascular diseases. Objective: To develop peach based probiotic beverage. Methods: Peach pulp were fermented at different temperature using probiotic Lactobacillus casei to develop peach based probiotic beverage. The developed beverage was then examined for physicochemical, microbial and sensory characteristics. The obtained data was subjected to the statistical analysis. Results: The pH, sugar acid ratio, total soluble solids and total sugars decreased significantly throughout the storage period whereas acidity, total plate count and total probiotic count was increased significantly. Total plate count and probiotic count ranged from 5.27 to 9.83 CFU/mL and 8.29 to 12.68 CFU/mL, respectively. As the sensory properties of developed beverage are concerned; color, taste, flavor, odor and overall acceptability decreased significantly throughout storage period. The T2 was assigned maximum scores by the panelists for the sensory characteristics. Conclusions: It was concluded that peach based probiotic beverage can be developed by using isolated Lactobacillus casei. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/37 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.37 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 12-18 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/37/34 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.37.g34 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/38 2023-07-07T15:34:04Z fbt:O.A driver

Sesquiterpene Lactones as Potential Cyclin B1/CDK1 Complex Inhibitors: Sesquiterpene Lactones as Potential Cyclin B1/CDK1 Zaman, Aqsa Yousaf, Zoufishan Gul, Sameena Ali, Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Cell Cycle Arrest, Cyclin B1, CDK1, Sesquiterpene Lactones, Molecular Docking Cancer is second most common cause of death globally. Uncontrolled regulation of cell cycle may cause various cancerous anomalies. Objective: To Identify of Sesquiterpene Lactones (SLs) as inhibitors of Cyclin B1 (CB1) and Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1 (CDK1) complex. Methods: Checkpoints proteins (CDK1/CB1) of G2/M phase have been assessed with three SLs (ilicol, eucalyptone and ascleposide E) through molecular docking study. AutoDock Vina (ADV), PyMol version-2.5.2 and BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2021 was used for the visualization of docking analysis. Results: Outcomes of the current investigations reveal that ascleposide E exhibit the highest binding affinity of -7.1 kcal/mol (with inhibition constant of 5.9 µM) with CDK1 and CB1. Both potential complexes have shown good hydrogen bond interactions. Drug likeness of selected drug candidates were validated by ADMET analysis and Lipinski’s rule of 5. Conclusions: Present study concluded that Ascleposide E have greater inhibition potential against CB1/CDK1 protein complex by making hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, this selected compound showed favorable drug likeness profiling. To validate the inhibitory activity of Ascleposide E to greater extent, further in vitro investigations are recommended to develop this compound into novel G2/M phase inhibitors.    CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/38 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.38 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 01 (January-June 2023); 19-24 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/38/36 https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/38/35 10.54393/fbt.v3i01.38.g36 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/40 2023-10-09T07:19:17Z fbt:R.E driver

Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV): An Insight into Disaster : Cotton Leaf Curl Virus (CLCuV) Hassan, Noor Hussain, Mujahid Mushtaq, Faisal Ali, Saqib Shahzad Chaudary, Muhammad Saqib Cotton Yield Loss Pesticide Begomovirus Whitefly Resistance Disaster of cotton leaf curl virus disease (CLCuVD) is the severe restriction to cotton production wherever it appears, and this dilemma is under discussion by scientist since few decades and still no satisfactory control is obtained. Cotton leaf curl Virus (CLCuV) is a begomovirus belongs to family geminiviridae and transmitted by insect-vector Whitefly complex (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius and Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring). In Pakistan, disease was first reported by scientist on stray plants in 1967 near Multan, Punjab. In 1992-93 disease epidemic cause yield decline from 9.05 million bales to 8.04 million bales cause severe losses to cotton production in Pakistan. During 1996-97 resistant cotton verities against CLCuV were introduced but since 2001 new strain Cotton Leaf Curl Burewala Virus (CLCuBuV) cause another epidemic by breaking resistance in all available verities. Excessive use of pesticides to control vector is the serious environmental threat, caused vector resistance, and are carcinogenic and neurotoxic to humans. This review is to cover the history, spread, major losses, Management, Molecular study of relation between host-pathogen and virus resistance strategies to reduce the use of pesticide.     CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/40 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.40 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-September Issue); 02-09 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/40/38 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.40.g38 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/42 2023-11-23T11:52:58Z fbt:O.A driver

In-silico Prediction of Azadirachta indica Compounds as Potential Therapeutic Inhibitor of Lysyl Oxidase to Suppress Canine Mammary Tumor Proliferation: In-silico Prediction of Azadirachta indica Compounds Farhan, Mehroz Saif, Rashid Anjum, Iram Mammary Tumor Treatment Molecular Drug Development Canis familiaris Neem Plant Canine mammary tumor (CMT) is one of the leading causes of death in female dogs, mainly due to the unavailability/expensive treatment, adverse and untargeted nature of the contemporary therapeutics. Objectives: To discover a biological mediator from the Azadirachta indica extracts by targeting Lysyl Oxidase (LOX), which is one of the enzymes responsible for accelerating the development of tumors and altering cellular microenvironment in mammals is considered to be suitable targets for anti-cancerous drugs. Methods: Current study utilized computer-aided drug designing (CADD) to investigate 33 phytocompounds derived from this plant to check their potential inhibition properties against LOX protein. The phytochemicals were docked onto the protein and the ligands with the lowest binding energies were evaluated over the several parameters using PyRx software. Molecular dynamic simulation was also performed to further investigate the stability and conformational changes of the resultant ligand-protein complex by analyzing RMSD & RMSF values, H-bond graphs and Heat maps through VMD/NAMD softwares. Results: The results revealed that Azadirachtin to be the most pertinent agent in LOX inhibition with a docking score of -12.6 kcal/mol and showed promising in-silico stability as well. Drug likeliness potential was further assessed based on Lipinski’s rule of five which reflect the safer nature of this drug agent. Conclusions: Moreover, wet-lab in-vitro experiments followed by clinical trials are still needed to attest the validity of this virtually piloted phytocompound against LOX protein for CMT cure.      CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/42 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.42 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-September Issue); 25-32 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/42/44 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.42.g44 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/43 2023-10-09T07:19:17Z fbt:O.A driver

Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Biochemical Hematological Parameters and Liver Histopathology of Rabbit: Effects of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Ashfaq, Farah Hayee, Sara Afzal, Fatima Iqbal, Sadia Azmat, Aqsa Ehsan, Sana Ashraf, Habiba Nanoparticles Serum Level Aspartate Transaminase (AST) Serum Level Alanine Transaminase (ALT) Hepatocytes Triglycerides Zinc oxide nanoparticles have broad spectrum utilization in the nano-industry because of their distinct characteristics. Increased human exposure to nanoparticles has been observed through various products like dyes, additives, ceramics, beauty products rubber etc. Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the ZnO nanoparticle's toxic effects on hematological and biochemical parameters in lower and higher doses in a rabbit model. Methods: Thirty male rabbits were used and ten rabbits were assorted in each group. Groups included control and experimental group 1 (low dose group 50mg/kg) & and group 2 (high dose group 75 mg/kg). The oral administration of ZnO nanoparticles was given for 20 days. The parameters included body weight, blood glucose level, serum level of aspartate transaminase (AST), serum level of alanine transaminase (ALT), serum albumin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, hemoglobin, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. The parameters were measured on the 1st, 10th and 20th day of the experiment. Results: Nanoparticle administration resulted in a non-significant decrease in body weight and blood glucose level. Serum level aspartate transaminase in experimental group 2 was significantly increased. Triglycerides had shown a non-significant increase in experimental group 2. Non-significant decrease was observed in red blood cells and platelet count of both the experimental groups. Histopathological studies revealed damaged liver parenchyma and hepatocyte degeneration in the high-dose group. Conclusions: ZnO nanoparticle administration resulted in damage to liver histopathology. Its toxicity resulted in increased levels of triglycerides, AST and ALT due to liver damage. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/43 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.43 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-September Issue); 19-24 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/43/40 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.43.g40 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/44 2023-11-23T11:56:19Z fbt:O.A driver

Mixotrophic Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris on Banana Waste for Biodiesel Production: Mixotrophic Cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris Bano, Rabia Azam, Azeem Anjum, Farhan Fahid, Ata Ul Mustafa Faseeh, Hamza Riaz, Aqsa Bioenergy Renewable Products Chlorella vulgaris Banana Peels Molasses Waste Utilization Sustainable Cultivation Environmentally friendly biofuels are currently produced in large quantities using algal lipids.  Objective: To perform mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris on Banana Waste for Biodiesel Production. Methods: Banana waste was treated with acid/alkaline, ground, and sun dried. The resultant hydrolysate was used into studies comparing photoautotrophic and mixotrophic conditions in microalgae culture. When biomass productivity and lipid content were measured. For mono-unsaturated, poly-unsaturated, and saturated forms, the lipid content differed. The research used analytical methods for fatty acid methyl ester analysis, such as GC-MS. Results: Mixotrophic cultivation exhibited a much higher biomass productivity (135 mg L-1 d-1) than photoautotrophic cultivation (115 mg L-1 d-1). Additionally, mixotrophically raised biomass had a much larger (w/w) lipid content (45%) than photo-autotrophically raised biomass (30 %). Higher amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (palmitic and oleic acids) was shown by Lipidome. Conclusions: High-quality biofuel might be made possible by the regular availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (64 mg g-1 of dry biomass) in the lipid contents of mixotrophically produced algal biomass CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/44 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.44 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-September Issue); 41-45 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/44/46 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.44.g46 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/45 2023-12-05T15:41:11Z fbt:O.A driver

Detection of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease using Betasatellite-based Molecular Marker: Detection of Cotton Leaf Curl Disease Sohail Meer, Umer Betasatellites Cotton Leaf Curl Disease Begomoviruses Geminiviruses PCR Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses has hampered cotton production across the Punjab and Sindh provinces of Pakistan and northeastern India. Eight species of begomoviruses in association with a single betasatellite “Cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMB)” have been reported to cause CLCuD. Objective: To detect early and efficiently Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD) using betasatellite-based molecular marker. Methods: 3-7 samples leaves were collected from symptomatic cotton fields in selected five areas of cotton production in Pakistan. Total DNA was extracted from collected leaves using the Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) method. Primers were designed by MUSCLE alignment tool and target region was amplified by PCR and amplification confirmed by performing gel electrophoresis. After DNA sequencing Phylogenetic analysis of the was carried out using software MEGA-X. Results: Amplified target region of483bp was observed by running 1% agarose gel. Comparison of DNA sequences revealed two nucleotide substitutions in DNA sequence from samples collected from Multan, Sakrand, Rahim Yar Khan and, while four nucleotide substations in sample collected from Vehari. High nucleotide substation in DNA sequence from Vehari as compared to other regions. Conclusions: In conclusion all of eight distinct begomoviruses causing CLCuD with CLCuMB is indicative of the fact that CLCuMB based molecular marker can be developed for detection of the disease. Early detection of disease will help the breeders and farmers to manage the disease. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/45 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.45 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-September Issue); 51-56 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/45/49 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.45.g49 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/46 2023-11-28T12:45:29Z fbt:O.A driver

Association Analysis of LCORL Genetic Variant (rs657074013) with Wither-Height in Pakistani Goats : Association of LCORL Variant (rs657074013) with Goat Height Khalid, Areeb Ashraf, Hajra Asim, Hibba Ayman, Maleeka Saif, Rashid Capra hircus Body-Size LCORL Genetic Marker Skeletal Frame The goat stands as one of the most valued and economically efficient domestic animals, contributing significantly to human welfare through the provision of meat, milk, fiber, skin, and manure. Notably, the initial two production traits are contingent upon the physical attributes of the animals, exemplified by characteristics such as large body size and skeletal frame. Earlier (GWA) studies, employing high-density arrays, have revealed a noteworthy association of various variants located at the boundaries of NACPG and LCORL genes across diverse livestock species. Objective: To investigate the genetic variability/association of rs657074013A>AT variant of LCORL gene within diverse goats from Pakistan. Methods: ARMS-PCR genotyping technique was used where, a total of 51 goats belongs to diverse breeds were screened with allele-specific set of primers. Results: Current study showed that 27% sampled population is homozygous wild-type (A/A), 24% is homozygous-mutant (AT/AT) and 49% is heterozygous (A/AT) with a significant genetic association X2 p- value = 9.60 x 10-5  using PLINK. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium revealed that overall sampled population obeys the principle with X2 (2, N=51) = 0.046, p = 0.9730. Furthermore, alternative allele frequencies (AAF) of 0.68 and 0.28 were also observed within cases and control cohorts respectively along with an odds-ratio of 5.242 which depicts the AAF is ~5 times higher in cases vs controls. Conclusions: In summary, this pilot-scale study has advanced our genomic understanding by examining the variability and association of this LCORL variant (c.828_829insA) within the Pakistani goat population. The insights gained hold promise for enhancing this economically crucial trait through the implementation of marker-assisted breeding strategies in this particular species and warrant further exploration in other livestock species to broaden our understanding and potential applications CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/46 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.46 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-September Issue); 46-50 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/46/48 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.46.g48 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/47 2023-10-09T10:46:50Z fbt:R.E driver

Unraveling COVID-19: A Global Health Crisis and Ongoing Research: COVID-19: A Global Health Crisis Alam, Osama Ahmad, Muhammad Qureshi, Munib Gul, Marina Khan, Naveed Samad, Abdul Khan, Zewran Atiq, Syed Iqbal, Arsalan Ullah, Asim COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 The COVID-19 pandemic, sparked by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has triggered an unparalleled global health crisis with far-reaching consequences. SARS-CoV-2 primarily spreads through respiratory droplets, utilizing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in the respiratory system for cellular entry and replication, underscoring the critical need for preventive measures. The emergence of worrisome mutations has led to the development of more transmissible variants, heightening the virus's potential impact. Diagnostic testing, including reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), antigen detection, and serology, plays a pivotal role in identifying. COVID-19 diagnostic tests include the ABBOTT ID NOW™ COVID-19 test (95% sensitivity and 100% specificity), the COBAS® SARS-CoV-2 test (98.8% sensitivity and 99% specificity), the SOFIA® 2 SARS ANTIGEN FIA test (91.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity), the XPERT® XPRESS SARS-CoV-2 test (95.4% sensitivity and 97% specificity), and the ACCULA SARS-CoV-2 test (98% sensitivity and 100% specificity). While vaccines include the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine (95% efficacy), Moderna vaccine (94.10% efficacy), Johnson & Johnson vaccine (66% efficacy), Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine (76% efficacy), Sinovac vaccine (50.38% efficacy), Sinopharm vaccine (79% efficacy), Bharat Biotech (Covaxin) vaccine (81% efficacy), Sputnik V vaccine (91.60% efficacy), Novavax vaccine (96.4% efficacy), and Covovax vaccine (100% efficacy). The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the ongoing necessity for global cooperation among scientific and medical communities to understand this emerging pathogen, mitigate health impacts, and advance long-term solutions through continuous therapeutic and vaccine research. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf image/png https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/47 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.47 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-September Issue); 10-18 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/47/42 https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/47/43 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.47.g42 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/49 2023-12-16T11:37:34Z fbt:O.A driver

Proximate and Phytochemical Analysis of Crude Powder and Different Extracts of Zaleya pentandra : Analysis of Zaleya petandra Fatima, Almas Raza, Mohsan Rasool, Tabassum Rasool, Shafqat Zaleya pentandra Aizoaceae Proximate Analysis Phytochemicals Secondary Metabolites Zaleya pentandra, a plant species found in disturbed soils and roads across Asia, Africa, and Australia, has been traditionally used for treating various ailments such as coughs, malaria, kidney stones, ulcers, and jaundice. Objectives: To conduct a quantitative examination of Z. pentandra, focusing on proximate analysis and metabolite composition and to better understand its features. Methods: Crude plant powder underwent analysis for total moisture, total ash, water-soluble ash, acid-insoluble ash, sulfated ash, water-soluble extractive, and alcohol-soluble extractive. Quantification (mg/gm) of principal metabolites i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the crude plant powder was done. Dry plant powder was subjected to counter-current extraction using n-hexane, petroleum ether, and chloroform. UV-visible and FTIR spectra were examined to determine the chemical composition. Results: Our findings showed total moisture (9.306%), total ash (21.73%), water-soluble ash (12.75%), acid-insoluble ash (0.35%), sulfated ash (29.75%), water-soluble extractive (6.23%), alcohol-soluble extractive (5.7%). Principal metabolites included high quantities of carbs (65.34), proteins (15.29), and lipids (30.90) in the crude plant powder. n-hexane (3.073%), petroleum ether (4.45%) and chloroform (7.47%) were extracted. UV-visible and FTIR spectra revealed a variety of chemicals, indicating both polar and non-polar molecules with possible oxidative characteristics. Conclusions: Z. pentandra exhibits high carbohydrate, protein, and fat content. The diverse chemical composition suggests a high oxidative potential, supporting its traditional therapeutic uses. Further research, especially in identifying and isolating bioactive components, is warranted. Z. pentandra holds promise for traditional medicine and broader applications based on its nutritional and bioactive potential.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/49 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.49 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-September Issue); 57-62 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/49/51 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.49.g51 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/51 2023-12-31T13:39:53Z fbt:R.E driver

Ion Exchange Resins and their Applications in Water Treatment and Pollutants Removal from Environment: A Review : Ion Exchange Resins and their Applications Ali, Arslan Sadia, Maimona Azeem, Muhammad Ahmad, Muhammad Zeeshan Umar, Muhammad Ul Abbas, Zain Ion exchange resins Water treatment Environmental cleanup Porous polymer Ion exchange resin is a porous polymer with a high molecular weight. It has a few groups that can be exchanged into ions in the solution it comes into contact with. Ion exchange resins are available in different types and are widely employed in wastewater treatment. It removes unwanted ions from waste water, because it can exchange unwanted ions with its functional group. Until now, ions exchange mainly employed for the removal of different compounds from water, including dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon, nitrate, copper, N-nitrosodimethylamine, fluoride, Nickel, boron, sulfamethazine, trihalomethanes (THMs) etc. In industry, various techniques are available for condensate water treatment, including flotation, membrane, sedimentation, coagulation, precipitation, chemical adsorption, filtration, catalytic oxidation, and electrochemical techniques. But existing techniques or processes are not feasible for water treatment in a confined place due to few advantages, including less efficiency in purification, being expensive, maintenance challenges, and high energy requirements. In contrast, ion exchange resins benefit from high separation selectivity, simple handling, and reusable resin.  Few resins are too much costly, but being they are reusable, it makes them sustainable and cost-effective. Significant research is being conducted worldwide to uncover the potential effects of ion exchange resins. This review discussed their use in environmental cleanup, water treatment, and operational feasibility with multiple factors.    CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/51 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.51 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 03 (October-December 2023); 12-19 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/51/47 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.51.g47 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/53 2023-10-09T07:19:17Z fbt:edt driver

Futuristic Biotechnology: Paving the Way for Medical Marvels Jawad Ahmed, Fridoon In the ever-evolving landscape of science and healthcare, the field of biotechnology is taking giant strides towards a future that promises medical marvels once considered the stuff of science fiction. The fusion of biology and technology has ushered in a new era of possibilities, offering unprecedented opportunities for improved healthcare and well-being. From gene editing to personalized medicine, futuristic biotechnology is now at the forefront of medical innovation, holding the potential to reshape the way we diagnose, treat, and even prevent diseases. One of the most astounding developments in futuristic biotechnology is the advent of gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9. This revolutionary technology allows scientists to precisely alter genes, offering the potential to correct genetic defects and mitigate the impact of hereditary diseases. The ability to target and modify specific DNA sequences opens the door to treating a wide array of conditions, from rare genetic disorders to more common ailments, such as cancer. Moreover, the concept of personalized medicine, which tailors treatments to an individual's genetic makeup, is gaining traction. This approach not only enhances the effectiveness of treatments but also minimizes side effects, showcasing the potential to make healthcare truly patient-centric. Regenerative medicine is another area where futuristic biotechnology is making strides, showing great promise for tissue and organ repair. Stem cell therapy, tissue engineering, and 3D bioprinting are just a few of the technologies transforming the landscape of transplantation and tissue repair. These innovations hold the potential to alleviate the shortage of donor organs and provide individuals with custom-made replacement tissues. Furthermore, as we continue to unravel the complexities of the human microbiome, we open the door to new possibilities in disease prevention and treatment. Understanding the role of our microbiota in health and disease has far-reaching implications for conditions ranging from obesity to mental health disorders. While the potential of futuristic biotechnology in the medical realm is exhilarating, it also raises ethical, regulatory, and accessibility questions that must be addressed. As we stand at the threshold of this biotechnological revolution, it is crucial to ensure that these medical marvels are harnessed responsibly and made accessible to all. Nonetheless, there is no doubt that the fusion of biology and technology is pushing the boundaries of what is possible in healthcare. The future of medicine is being shaped by biotechnology, and it holds the promise of a healthier, longer, and more vibrant life for all of us. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/53 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.53 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-September Issue); 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/53/39 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.53.g39 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/55 2024-01-29T09:59:38Z fbt:O.A driver

Computational Profile of Novel Natural Bioactive Inhibitors of NF-κB: Computational Profile of Novel Natural Bioactive Inhibitors Ishaq, Muhammad Mansha, Muhammad Maqbool, Muhammad Faisal Khan, Muhammad Saeed, Azeem NF-κB, Anti-Cancer, Inflammation Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) represents a family of inducible transcription factors, which regulates a large array of genes involved in different processes of the immune and inflammatory responses. Deregulated NF-κB activation contributes to the pathogenic process of various diseases such as inflammation and cancer. NF-κB signaling in cancer cells is involved in cellular proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, metastasis, development of drug resistance and anti-apoptosis. Objective: To identify potent NF-κB and IκBα inhibitors using molecular docking study. Methods: Proteins and ligands were prepared from Pymol and AutoDock vina and results were visualized by using Discovery studio visualizer. Results: Natural bioactive compounds such as Brevilin A, Tagitinin E, Japonicone G and Hiyodorilactone A were targeted on NF-κB and IκBα. The docking score of the Brevilin A, Tagitinin E, Japonicone G and Hiyodorilactone A with NF-κB were -9.8Kcal/mol, -10.1Kcal/mol, -11.9Kcal/mol, and - 8.4Kcal/mol respectively. The docking score of the Brevilin A, Tagitinin E, Japonicone G and Hiyodorilactone A with IκBα were -7.1Kcal/mol, -7.0Kcal/mol, -8.8Kcal/mol and -6.8Kcal/mol respectively. Control group (JSH-23 synthetic inhibitor) showed -6.5Kcal/mol and -5.5Kcal/mol with NF-κB and IκBα respectively. Conclusions: The present study reflects that Brevilin A, Tagitinin E, Japonicone G and Hiyodorilactone A show promising results as a crucial drug target in NF-κB signaling cascade. However, to validate the inhibitory activity of these ligands further in-vitro analysis are suggested to develop novel anti-inflammatory/anti-cancer drugs. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/55 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.55 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 03 (October-December 2023); 51-58 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/55/58 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.55.g58 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/57 2024-01-01T09:21:43Z fbt:O.A driver

Synthesis and Characterization of Mercury Complex Derived from Trimesic Acid: Synthesis and Characterization of Mercury Complex Shah, Javed Hussain Sharif, Shahzad Rehman, Rashid Arooj, Anum Atomic Force Microscopy Cell Death Microscopic Imaging Trimesic Acid (TMA) Mercury Complex The effects of mercury complexes on human body and cells vary depending on the extent of exposure and their pharmacological form. Objectives: To characterize mercury complex and then investigate the effects on cellular interaction via cell death. Methods: The synthesis of the mercury complex was carried out, and its characterization was done by FTIR, elemental percentage and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The complex was analyzed through atomic force microscopy (AFM) and by microscopy imaging its surface morphology and cellular interaction were also studied. Results: The presence of the mercury-complex results in cell death in concentration and time dependent manner. Conclusions: The synthesized mercury-complex has the ability to harm cells. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/57 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.57 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 03 (October-December 2023); 32-38 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/57/55 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.57.g55 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/58 2024-01-05T08:46:36Z fbt:O.A driver

Comparison of Extraction Techniques for Pectin from Kinnow Peel by using Convectional, Sonication, and Thermo-Sonication Techniques: Extraction Techniques for Pectin from Kinnow Peel Sajid, Talha Hassan, Farazia Khalid, Muhammad Umair Mumtaz, Muhammad Soban Quddoos, Muhammad Yousaf Mahmood, Shahid Firdos, Nida Raza, Muhammad Siddique Batool, Rida Irshad, Iqra Rafique, Ayesha Thermos-Sonication Pectin Ultrasound Kinnow Kinnow is a species of citrus family. Pectin has been declared as a safe substance. However, conventional methods are practiced in some industries for pectin extraction from citrus peel. Innovative techniques like ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), sonication, and thermos-sonication may play a vital role in increasing the yield of pectin from peels of citrus. Objective: To conduct a comparative analysis of Kinnow peel pectin extracted through conventional, Sonication, and Thermosonication techniques. Methods: For this purpose raw materials (Kinnow) purchased from the local market of Faisalabad, Kinnow peels were dried and made into fine powder. This fine powder is used further to extract pectin by conventional, sonication and thermos-sonication extraction methods. Results: Different qualitative analyses of pectin like solubility of dry pectin in cold and hot water, and solubility in cold and hot alkali, pH, pectin color, quantitative analysis of pectins like yield and equivalent weight, and methoxyl content. During pectin testing, thermos-sonication techniques proved their excellence. Among all treatments during analysis, Moreover, thermos-sonication was found to be the best extraction technique among all treatments. The yield is maximum (15.55%) through thermo-sonicated extracted samples. The highest value of equivalent weight (345±13.08) was seen in the thermos-sonication-treated sample. The upper limit (5.33±0.12) of methoxyl content was held by thermos-sonication-treated samples. Pectin’s capacity to bind sugar and spreading quality increases with increasing methoxyl content. Conclusions: It was concluded that the best extraction method of pectin is the thermos-sonication method for better qualitative and quantitative output. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/58 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.58 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 03 (October-December 2023); 39-43 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/58/56 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.58.g56 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/63 2024-03-31T20:13:25Z fbt:O.A driver

Syzygium cumini-mediated Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Evaluation of their Antibacterial, Antileishmanial, and Antioxidant Activities : Syzygium cumini-mediated Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Syed, Suliman Islam, Arshad Khan, Ajmal Ahmad, Iftikhar Salam, Tahir Irfan, Nadia Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles Syzygium cumini Antibacterial Antileishmanial Antioxidant Green protocols for the synthesis of nanoparticles have gained significant attention due to their environmental friendliness, ease, and cost-effectiveness. The present study focused on the synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) using an aqueous leaves extract of   Syzygium cumini plant, and the antimicrobial potential of the synthesized NPs. Methods: The synthesis of MgO-NPs was achieved by mixing a solution of magnesium nitrate (Mg (NO3)2 with an aqueous extract obtained from S. cumini leaves to reduce the Mg+ ions. These NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Results: The transformation in color of the solution from yellow to deep brown along with the UV absorption peak at 294 nm showed the effective synthesis of MgO-NPs. SEM and XRD data revealed cubic-shaped NPs with an average size of 23.73 nm. EDX analysis confirmed the presence of magnesium and oxygen in the sample at 31.85% and 35.11% weight percentages, respectively. The antibacterial evaluation demonstrated effectiveness against the gram-negative strains Citrobacter koseri and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with inhibition zones of 28.1 ± 1.25 mm and 27.8 ± 1.25 mm, respectively. MgO-NPs also showed antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica promastigotes (68.41 ± 0.05% inhibition at 1000µg/ml). Furthermore, the NPs exhibited antioxidant properties (75.12 ± 4.29% at 1 mg/ml) as determined by the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Conclusions: MgO-NPs synthesized using S. cumini plant leaves extract hold promises as agents for antibacterial, antileishmanial, and antioxidant applications.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/63 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.63 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 36-42 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/63/64 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.63.g64 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/64 2023-11-20T08:26:31Z fbt:O.A driver

Exploring the Confluence of In-Ovo Mineral Supplementation and Hatching Attributes in Broiler Chick Progeny: A Symphony of Nutritional Enrichment and Broiler Chicks Development: In-Ovo Mineral Supplementation and Hatching Ahmed, Imran Rajput, Nasir Laghari, Imdad Hussain Kaleri, Rameez Raja Shamas, Shazia Ahmed, Zulfiqar Khushk, Farooque Ahmed Mukhtar, Nasir In-ovo minerals feeding Hatchability Hatch window Chick weight Hatchling length Chick quality Embryonic nutrition is a key factor that influences broiler progeny performance with long-lasting nutritional adequacies or insufficiencies in the developmental phase. Objective: To explores the effects of in-ovo mineral supplementation or day in-ovo feeding on the hatching attributes and chick quality in broiler breeders. Methods: About 1400 hatching eggs of broiler breeders were selected, categorized into seven experimental groups: one control group, three macro mineral (P, Mg, and Ca) groups, and three micro-mineral (Zn, Mn, and Cu) groups. During the 12th and 18th day of incubation, eggs received in-ovo injections of their respective mineral (5% of the total mineral content in a 50g egg) solutions, prepared by dissolving the corresponding salts in deionized water. Post-injection, eggs were placed in the setter, and upon completion of incubation, hatching trays were removed to evaluate hatchability performance and chick quality parameters for each group. Results: The results showed that Zn, Ca, and Mg-supplemented eggs demonstrated the highest (P<0.05) hatchability rates for settable and fertile eggs at day 12 of in-ovo feeding. The chick weight, hatch window, and hatchling size were significantly influenced (P<0.05) by in-ovo feeding and the day of in-ovo feeding. However, no effect of in-ovo mineral feeding and day of in ovo feeding was observed on chick quality (chick grades, navel area, retracted yolk, and membrane score) and post-hatch chick activities (activity, down-appearance, vitality, eye score, and gait score). Conclusions: In conclusion, Zn, Ca, and Mg in ovo feeding improve the hatchability traits when administered at day 12 of incubation. CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/64 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.64 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 02 (July-September Issue); 33-40 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/64/45 10.54393/fbt.v3i02.64.g45 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/65 2024-04-06T09:33:44Z fbt:R.E driver

Eco-Friendly Synthesis Methods of Gold Nanoparticles, Their Characterization and Applications in Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Sensors : Eco-Friendly Synthesis Methods of Gold Nanoparticles Jamshaid, Aqsa Ibrahim, Shumaila Ali, Adeeba Walait, Manam Ullah, Sami Saleem, Muhammad Bin Rehman Mir, Huda Gold Nanoparticles Surface Plasmon Resonance Microbe-Facilitated Synthesis Nanoparticles have unique traits which make them useful for different purposes. Numerous methods are used to manufacture nanoparticles at commercial scale. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are one of the most utilized and preferred nanoparticles due to their traits like low resistivity, less toxicity, optical, high stability, fluorescence quenching ability, and "surface plasmon resonance". Gold nanoparticles were utilized in ancient Roman Times for staining glasses and till now their new applications are being discovered every day. Various methodologies are utilized for Gold nanoparticle synthesis including conventional chemical methods, UV rays, polymers, ultrasound, plant and microbe-mediated techniques, etc. Conventional techniques are not eco-friendly or cost-effective. Nowadays plants and microbes being cost-effective and eco-friendly are preferred for gold nanoparticle synthesis. Various extracellular, intracellular, and biomolecular techniques are being utilized to manufacture gold nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticles have a vast scope in chemical, biomedicine, food, electronic and forensic industries. AuNPs are widely utilized as sensors, also as carriers in Drug delivery, Photothermal therapy, Heavy metal ion detection etc. This review describes various synthesis techniques, applications, and characterizations of AuNPs.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/65 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.65 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 02-11 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/65/67 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.65.g67 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/67 2025-01-22T15:04:56Z fbt:O.A driver

Growth and Yield of Sunflower under the Integrated Farmyard Manure and Potassium Fertilization: Growth and Yield of Sunflower Laghari, Rabia Laghari, Ghulam Mustafa Kaleri, Asif Ali Manzoor, Danish Lund, Muhammad Mithal Awan, Muzamil Hussain Sheikh, Zubair Ahmad Soomro, Marina Kanwal Soomro, Muhammad Mustafa Solangi, Saba Helianthus annuus Potassium Fertilization Farmyard Manure The study was conducted during the autumn of 2022 Session at the Students' Experimental Farm Department of Agronomy, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, using a Randomized Complete Block Design. Objective: To assess how varying levels of Farmyard Manure and potassium affect the growth and seed production of sunflowers. Methods: The study utilized five different Farmyard Manure treatments and three potassium stages. The variety HO-1 underwent the following treatments: T1 = Control (0-ton Farmyard Manure+ 0 kg ha-1 potash), T2 = 5-ton Farmyard Manure+ 30 kg ha-1 potash, T3 = 5-ton Farmyard Manure+ 60 kg ha-1 potash, T4 = 5-ton Farmyard Manure+ 80 kg ha-1 potash, T5 = 5-ton Farmyard Manure+ 120 kg ha-1 potash. Results: The best results were found in T5 (5 tons of Farmyard Manure + 120 kg ha-1 Potash), which had the largest plant girth (11.2 cm), largest head diameter (48.5 cm), tallest plant (247.4 cm), Winsgoal adalah situs raja slot gacor hari ini terbaik yang terdaftar sebagai salah satu platform judi slot online terpercaya di indonesia semenjak tahun 2010. highest number of seeds per head (1971.3), heaviest seed weight (69.5 g) per head, seed index (34 g), and maximum seed yield (2725.7 kg ha-1). T4 closely trailed, showing positive results (5 tons of farmyard manure plus 80 kg ha-1 potash). Conclusions: In conclusion, the study demonstrates that the optimal combination for maximizing sunflower growth and yield is the application of 80 kg ha-1 of potassium and 5 tons of Farmyard Manure.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/67 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.67 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 03 (October-December 2023); 20-25 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/67/54 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.67.g54 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/70 2024-04-23T20:01:56Z fbt:S.R driver

An Analysis of Bibliometric Research on Sumatriptan (Imitrex, Tosymra) Linked to Migraine Relief : Sumatriptan and Migraine Relief Umar, Muhammad Malik, Muhammad Osama Iqbal, Shahid Qurban, Aqsa Sadiq, Aqsa Zanib, Syeda Safina Tarar, Maham Taimoor Sumatriptan Imitrex Tosymra Migraine Pharmaceutical Research Episodic headaches are a common neurovascular disorder called migraine characterized by a throbbing pain that is typically felt on one side of the brain, however it can occasionally affect both sides. However, no visual bibliometric analysis has been conducted on the effects of sumatriptan on migraine over the past 10 years. Objective: To identify the current status and emerging trends of the global use of sumatriptan associated with the relief of migraine from 2011 to 2022. Methods: Approximately 3154 publications (500 from PubMed and 2654 from dimensions) in CSV format were exported from PubMed and dimensions to VOS viewer. The keywords applied for searching were “sumatriptan” and “sumatriptan in migraine”. Results: The results of bibliometric analysis of the occurrence of keywords by VOS viewer revealed the top four most occurring keywords as “effect”, “relief”, “model”, and “mechanism”. The bibliometric analysis for the graphical distribution of a maximum number of articles by countries in 2011-2022 reveals Germany, the US, and Australia as the top three countries. The analysis for a maximum number of publications by organizations in 2011-2022 showed the top three organizations with a maximum number of articles are “Headache Core Center, Springfield, USA”, “Montefiore Medical Center, USA”, and “Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University”. Conclusions: The compiled data of this exploration will make it easier for other academic research work to find authentic and fruitful results for complex future studies.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/70 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.70 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 03 (October-December 2023); 59-65 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/70/59 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.70.g59 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/73 2023-12-31T13:39:52Z fbt:edt driver

From Depths to Discoveries: Unraveling the Potential of Marine Biotechnology Mehboob, Riffat With the oceans covering over 70% of our world, there is a lot of unrealized potential there. There is a wealth of marine life in these depths that presents a variety of opportunities for biotechnology. The most recent developments in marine biotechnology are helping us discover the mysteries of nature and are revolutionizing the fields of industry, sustainability, and healthcare to meet the challenges of the 21st century. Deep sea exploration has revealed a secret world full of many life forms, each of which may contain one or more special bioactive chemicals. Microalgae such as Chlorella and Spirulina offer a rich repository of bioactive compounds, from anti-inflammatory agents to proteins, enriching pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and nutritional supplements. Actinobacteria, notably Streptomyces, contribute significantly to antibiotic compounds critical in combating infections [1]. Marine-based food products are enhanced by fatty acids from marine sources, especially omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are found in fish and algae and provide special health benefits not available in land-based sources. Furthermore, because of their extraordinary qualities and capacity to withstand harsh environments, enzymes derived from marine creatures are indispensable in the food processing industry. While corals, sponges, and invertebrates boast bioactive substances, their practical use in industry and health care faces challenges due to sustainability concerns [2]. Although accessing deep waters can be challenging, innovative technology such as remotely operated vehicles, facilitates the collecting of samples. The complexity of analyzing and categorizing marine bacteria affects the development of new drugs. Weekly, thousands of possible bioactive compounds are tested using high-throughput approaches to overcome the limitations of traditional screening. Novel strategies that combine bioinformatics and enhanced screening work well to identify bioactive compounds obtained from marine sources. Drug development appears to be promising as genomics and metagenomics reveal genetic capacities and find bioactive components from previously uncultivable microbes [3]. The fusion of biology, technology, and the boundless oceans sparks unparalleled opportunities. It urges collaboration among researchers, policymakers, and industries to explore the sea's potential responsibly. Exploring the ocean's depths reveals scientific marvels but also provides the answer to a healthier and more sustainable future for coming generations.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/73 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.73 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 03 (October-December 2023); 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/73/50 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.73.g50 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/74 2023-12-31T13:39:52Z fbt:O.A driver

Population Dynamics of Copepods as Influenced by Heavy Metals in Khanki Headworks, Pakistan : Population Dynamics of Copepods Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Roohi, Nabila Ahmad, Husna Copepods Mesocyclops edax Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Copepods grow in diverse freshwater habitats, totaling around 2,814 species. As foremost zooplankton, they lead biomass and are pivotal in aquatic ecosystems. The ever-increasing issue of heavy metals contamination affects organisms differently. Copepods, with their broad geographic range, can be valuable bio monitors for metal growth. Objective: To evaluate the effects of heavy metals and fish diversity on the population dynamics of copepods in Khanki Headworks, Pakistan. Methods: For the analysis of heavy metals month wise water samples (1000 ml) from four selected sites were collected for one year (February 2021 to January 2022). Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry was employed for the analysis of heavy metals. Month wise copepods samples were collected with planktonic net (mesh size: 37µm). Results: In total, seven species and four genera of copepods were identified. Mesocyclops edax was the most dominant copepod species. Three heavy metals zinc (Zn), arsenic (As) and nickel (Ni) were estimated in following order of concentrations Zn> Ni> As. Conclusions: Current investigation revealed that heavy metals generally govern the population dynamics of copepods.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/74 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.74 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 03 (October-December 2023); 26-31 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/74/52 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.74.g52 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/77 2024-01-01T09:15:18Z fbt:R.E driver

Effects of Microplastics on Living Organisms and their Trophic Transfer: An Ecotoxicological Review : Effects of Microplastics on Living Organisms Anjum, Farhan Azam, Azeem Faseeh, Hamza Bano, Rabia Latif, Maryam Fahid, Ata ul Mustafa Microplastics Trophic Transfer Eco-Toxicological Effects Plastic is used by individuals within many different fields, including the automotive, packaging, cosmetics, textile and apparel, agricultural and fisheries sector and industries. Nevertheless, it has become a hazard to our ecosystem due to its extended degradation and decadences in nature, unceasing rise in manufacture and consumption with the increasing human population. Microplastics (MPs) can enter in both soil and aquatic environments through a variety of channels, including surface runoff, storm water runoff, river flow, and wastewater discharge. As a possible hazard to aquatic life, the existence and consumption of MPs has drawn significant attention from throughout the world. These tiny plastic particles absorb various substances and emit harmful additives, serving as sinks for dangerous substances and enhancing their bioavailability, toxicity, and movement. Additionally, the trophic transfer or bioaccumulation of MPs in a variety of aquatic creatures poses a significant concern. MPs have the potential to seriously harm aquatic life, including reduced eating efficiency, physical side effects, impaired gill function, oxidative stress, neurological damage, suppression of immunity and developmental disruption.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/77 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.77 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 03 (October-December 2023); 02-11 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/77/53 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.77.g53 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/78 2025-01-22T15:04:21Z fbt:O.A driver

Ameliorative Effects of Orange Juice on Sodium Fluoride Induced Gastro-Hepatic Toxicity in Mice : Ameliorative Effects of Orange Juice on Sodium Fahid, Ata ul Mustafa Azam, Azeem Anjum, Farhan Faseeh, Hamza Bano, Rabia Kausar, Sana ur Rehman, Attiq Latif, Maryam Orange Juice Sodium Fluoride Gastro-Hepatic Toxicity Floride toxicity has been under discussion and investigations when taken in excess amounts. Floride leaching into the water bodies as a result of industrialization is a common issue facing most of the developing countries like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh etc. This leached fluoride has the ability to cause a myriad of disorders when incorporated in animal bodies. Objective: To find out the ameliorative effect of orange juice against toxic effects of sodium fluoride influencing damaging effect on liver and stomach. Methods: The mice were divided in six groups. The control group was only Nestle’s water, while different concentrations of sodium fluoride (2.50µg/g, 5.00µg/g and 7.50µg/g body weight) were prepared and administered orally in mice for 30 days. Then all treated groups were supplied with fresh natural orange juice for next 30 days to test its ameliorative potential. Results: The data revealed the significant reduction of body weight (p<0.001), stomach length, stomach diameter (p < 0.05) while hepato- somatic and gastro-somatic index increased (p < 0.05) in treated groups as compared to control group after sodium fluoride administration. Cuanbet88 merupakan salah satu portal link slot gacor 777 resmi untuk generasi muda, cukup dengan situs slot777 pasti gampang menang 2025. Morphological studies revealed different abnormalities in treated groups such as spots on the liver and stomach, swelling of stomach, constriction of fundic and cardiac regions and lobes of liver. Conclusions: This study clearly revealed that sodium fluoride is potentially toxic to organs of albino mice, especially liver and stomach and that orange juice demonstrated ameliorative potential against the toxicity due to sodium fluoride.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2023-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/78 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.78 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2023: Volume 03 Issue 03 (October-December 2023); 44-50 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v3i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/78/57 10.54393/fbt.v3i03.78.g57 Copyright (c) 2023 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/81 2025-01-22T15:03:05Z fbt:R.E driver

Comprehensive Review of Nanotechnology: Innovations and Multidisciplinary Applications : Comprehensive Review of Nanotechnology Ajaz, Malaika Rasool, Waleed Mahmood, Amna Nanomaterials CRISPR Cas-9 Drug Delivery Bioremediation Nano-Biosensors Nanotechnology, which involves the control of substances at the nanoscale, has emerged as a valuable discipline that holds the capacity to fundamentally transform numerous scientific sectors, such as materials science, healthcare, environmental remediation, and agriculture. This review article explores the uses and advancements of nanotechnology, emphasizing how it might improve crop yield, advance medical treatments, and provide solutions to environmental problems. This also examines revolutionary applications of nanobiotechnology, including CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, targeted drug delivery systems, cancer therapy, and regenerative medicine. It highlights the potential of these technologies to enhance diagnostic capabilities and pharmaceutical results. It also looks at how nanotechnology is affecting agriculture, with a focus on improvements in food safety, pest and disease control, and crop yield. Additionally, environmental applications are covered, with an emphasis on the use of nanomaterials for sustainable resource management and pollution remediation. The significance of nanotechnology's contributions to green chemistry, its interdisciplinary character, and the challenges and potential for its incorporation into conventional applications are all emphasized in the review. Winsgoal adalah slot mahjong gacor dengan fitur scatter hitam winrate kemenangan tinggi. Daftar dan nikmati fitur situs jackpot terbesar hari ini! The article provides an overview of the current status and future directions of nanotechnology by discussing the synthesis of nanoparticles, their commercialization, and the challenges surrounding nano-innovations.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/81 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.81 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 12-18 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/81/61 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.81.g61 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/82 2026-03-26T10:37:20Z fbt:R.E driver

Overview of Marburg Viral Disease: Marburg Viral Disease Atique, Rameen Saeed, Hafiza Arshi Khera, Hafeez Ur Rehman Ali Naveed, Areesha Sharif, Javeria Fatima, Hafiza Rida Haidar, Ayesha Perveen, Aqsa Samad, Abdul Marburg Virus Bats Fruit Bats Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Polymerase Chain Reaction Marburg viral disease induced by the Marburg virus. It is a constituent of the Filovirus family, which also encloses the Ebola virus. The disease first came into light in 1967 during episodes of the virus in Marburg and Germany. After that, the infection caused high CFR in Angola, Uganda, and Congo. The disease includes the sudden outset of symptoms, including high fever, vomiting, intense headache, abdominal pain, and rash. In patients with severe infection, it leads to bleeding, jaundice, organ collapse, and eventually death. Fruit bats of genus Rousettus are considered to be the biological pool of the Marburg virus. This disease destroyed African countries with high death rates. The virus can be transferred from green African monkeys or fruit bats. It can be transmitted through human-to-human interactions via blood, body fluids of diseased people, and contaminated surfaces. MVD can be diagnosed by technical laboratory tests incorporating enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and virus seclusion. Supportive maintenance has been done to demonstrate some efficacy in controlling the symptoms and improving the probability of survival. Adequate management and care have been taken to prevent the unusual spread of disease, such as the separateness of infected patients and suspected individuals, which should pertain to quarantine measures. Because of the high casualty rate and lack of a certified vaccine or any antiviral cure, the only way to keep MVD in check can be through prevention. This review briefly overviews the Marburg virus, including diagnosis, pathogenesis, transmission, and treatment. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/82 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.82 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 02-09 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i1 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/82/109 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.82.g109 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/89 2024-03-31T20:13:24Z fbt:O.A driver

Genetic Association of MSTN Gene Variant (18:66493737T>C) with Track Performance & Muscle Development in Pakistani Horses: Genetic Association of MSTN Gene Variant in Horses Saif, Rashid Raza, Muhammad Hassan Zafar, Muhammad Osama Tariq, Wajeeha Danish, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Equus caballus ARMS-PCR MSTN Gene Muscle Development The horse, revered for its diverse traits including racing prowess, gaitedness, and distinctive behavior, plays a pivotal role in various sports. Numerous studies have linked racing performance in horses to the MSTN gene across global populations. Objectives: To investigate the genetic variability of the 18:66493737T>C variant in Pakistani random-bred horses. Methods: ARMS-PCR was employed where 24 horses sourced from UVAS equine clinic were genotyped. Results: Revealing a population distribution of 54% homozygous wild-type (TT), 41% heterozygous (TC), and 4% homozygous mutant (CC) at this locus. The alternative allele frequency within elite performers and control horses stood at 0.36 and 0.12, respectively. Application of the Chi-Square association test using the PLINK data toolset yielded a highly significant p-value of 7.832×10-6. Conclusions: This underscores significant genetic variability at the locus in the Pakistani horse population, aligning with global patterns. Future studies are advocated, incorporating racing performance data and encompassing diverse indigenous horse breeds with substantial sample sizes. Identification of subject markers can inform targeted breeding strategies, contributing to the enhancement and preservation of desirable traits across various horse breeds CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/89 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.89 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 43-47 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/89/65 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.89.g65 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/90 2024-03-31T20:13:24Z fbt:O.A driver

Detection of Coliform Bacteria in Raw Milk Samples Collected from Industrial Cities of Pakistan: Coliform Bacteria in Raw Milk Aslam, Andleeb Qazi, Javed Iqbal Hasan, Ali Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Coliforms Heavy Metals Antibiotic Resistance Milk Quality Health Status Antibiotics and heavy metals-resistant bacteria in livestock environments can result in economic losses and raise public health and environmental problems. There is a crisis in the world's access to and pipeline for antibiotics. Objective: To screen raw milk samples collected from three different industrial cities Gujranwala, Lahore, and Sheikhupura, situated in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: In this regard, a total of 26 samples were having 84 coliform strains. Separated coliform colonies were processed for Gram's staining, catalase, indole production, and Simmon's citrate and motility tests. Results: Metal resistance of bacterial strains was also checked and 39.5% and 45.23% of bacteria were found to be resistant to ZnCl2 1% and 0.5%. 69.045% and 77.38% bacteria were found to be resistant to CuSo4 salt solution1% and 0.5%. 17.85% and 27% bacteria were found to be resistant to Na2CrO4 salt solution1% and 0.5% respectively. 80% of bacteria were found to be resistant to Cefuroxime, 26.19% to Cephradine, 84.52% to Aztroeonam 41.67% to Erythromycin, 91.667% to Trimethoprim 89.28% to Lincomycins. Conclusions: The raw milk samples were not only contaminated with coliforms but the bacteria were also resistant to heavy metals and certain antibiotics which might be considered indicative of industrial and anthropogenic pollution. Cephradine, 84.52% to Aztroeonam 41.67% to Erythromycin, 91.667% to Trimethoprim 89.28% to Lincomycins. Conclusions: The raw milk samples were not only contaminated with coliforms but the bacteria were also resistant to heavy metals and certain antibiotics which might be considered indicative of industrial and anthropogenic pollution. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/90 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.90 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 19-27 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/90/62 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.90.g62 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/91 2024-03-31T20:13:24Z fbt:O.A driver

Impact of Dietary Supranutritional Selenium on Improving the Meat Quality of Goats: Supranutritional Selenium and Goat Meat Memon, Muhammad Anees Malhi, Moolchand Kachiwal, Allah Bux Barham, Ghulam Shabir Dietary Selenium Glycogen Goat Meat Semimembranosus Longissimus Dorsi Selenium (Se) a crucial micronutrient, is required in many biochemical processes in animals. Supranutritional levels of Se in the diet have been suggested to potentially enhance meat quality in livestock. However, limited research exists on the impact of dietary supranutritional Se on meat quality in goats. Objective: To evaluate the influence of dietary supranutritional Se on goat muscle meat quality, examining pH, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking and drip losses, moisture, protein, fat, ash, and glycogen contents. Methods: Sixteen male goats were randomly grouped into two viz., A and B (n = 8 per group) and offered basal diets without (group A) or with addition of Se (group B) for 10 weeks. Meat samples were collected from the longissimus dorsi (LD) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles at the completion of trial and the physico-chemical characteristics were determined. Results: Supranutritional Se supplementation resulted in significantly higher (P < 0.05) WHC and lower (P < 0.05) cooking and drip losses in both LD and SM muscles compared with control. Additionally, the protein and fat contents were significantly elevated (P < 0.05) and the ash contents lowered (P < 0.05) in both LD and SM muscles of goats fed Se supplemented diet compared with control. However, the pH and glycogen contents were not altered (P > 0.05) between the two groups. Conclusions: The findings of present trial demonstrated that supranutritional Se supplementation improved the quality of goat meat, contributing to its nutritional value and consumer acceptance. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/91 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.91 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 48-52 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/91/66 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.91.g66 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/97 2024-03-31T20:13:24Z fbt:edt driver

Carboxysomes: Green Solutions for Sustainable Agriculture and Renewable Energy Jawad Ahmed, Fridoon Carboxyomes are emerging as potential tools in the sustainable agriculture and biofuel production. They are proteinaceous organelles that are distributed in different species of photosynthetic bacteria and archaea and are significantly involved in carbon fixation. They enable the organisms to thrive in diverse environmental conditions and enhance the efficacy of photosynthesis. They have shown promising potential to address challenging regarding global food security, climate change and renewable energy.  These nanocompartments encapsulate Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), an enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle that is a key pathway in carbon fixation. These specialized structures concentrate CO2 around RuBisCO ad shield it from the competing oxygen, thereby optimizing the efficiency of photosynthetic process and minimize wasteful photorespiration. The photosynthetic organisms having carboxysomes are therefore ideal candidates for sustainable agriculture as they are able to thrive in the harsh conditions such as low CO2 concentrations, water scarcity and high temperatures.   They are recently being studied for enhancing the productivity and yield of crops. Efforts are being exerted to introduce carboxysome shell proteins and RuBisCO enzymes into crop genomes. Researchers are aiming to create plants with the ability to efficiently capture and utilize CO2 for photosynthesis. These genetically modified crops can potentially increase crop yields, improve water and nutrient efficiency significantly. Moreover, these carboxysomal transgenes are also able to enhance the resilience of GM plants to different environmental stressors such as drought and heat, and ultimately contribute to global food security and sustainable agriculture.  In addition to their applications in agriculture, carboxysomes hold promise for biofuel production as well, as they are capable of carbon fixation. They have enabled researchers to engineer photosynthetic organisms to produce renewable fuels such as ethanol, biodiesel and hydrogen. Furthermore, nanobioreactors that are based on carboxysomes can contribute protectively against climate change as they have the potential to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by capturing CO2 from industrial emissions and converting it into valuable bioproducts.  This approach represents a promising avenue to address global challenges of food insecurity, climate crisis and rapidly declining non-renewable energy sources. If leveraged appropriately, these nanocompartments can significantly contribute in paving a way for more sustainable and resilient future.       CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/97 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.97 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/97/60 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.97.g60 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/98 2024-04-10T14:37:19Z fbt:O.A driver

Biochemical Dynamics and Quality Attributes of Strawberry Fruits across Maturity Stages with Respect to Different Preservation Methods : Biochemical Dynamics and Quality Attributes Ahmed, Mian Muhammad Asim, Muhammad Kaleri, Asif Ali Manzoor, Danish Rajput, Aatif Ali Laghari, Rabia Khaki, Sajjad Ali Musawwir, Abdul Ullah, Zia Ahmad, Waqar Fragaria ananassa Phytochemicals Maturity Stages Antioxidants Strawberry is nutritious but perishable, and it is susceptible to quality flaws and infections after harvest. Objective: To examine strawberry biochemical changes with harvest maturity and preservation methods. Methods: The experiment was factorial with a completely randomized design (CRD). Strawberry cv. Chandler fruit was harvested at three color-based maturation phases (M1: 0% red, M2: 50% red, and M3: 100% red), frozen, and freeze-dried and analyzed for quality. Total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C, total phenolic content (TPC), total antioxidant capacity, SOD, POD, CAT, and organoleptic characteristics were assessed for quality. Results: Due to harvest maturity, completely ripe strawberries displayed higher biochemical properties such as total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and TSS/TA than 50% and 0% of red strawberries. 100% red strawberries also had greater TPC and POD. Compared to strawberries picked during the green stage (0% red color), strawberries harvested at 100% and 50% red color had better aroma, color, and flavor. TSS, TSS/TA, Vitamin C, antioxidants, total phenolic content, and peroxidase were better in freeze-dried strawberries than frozen strawberries. Conclusions: The superior fruit aroma and color rating made frozen strawberries more popular than freeze-dried ones. The preserved fruit retained these qualities better for 7 months in dried storage. This study found that strawberry fruit should be harvested at 100% red and freeze-dried for commercial use.    CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/98 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.98 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 28-35 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/98/63 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.98.g63 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/99 2024-11-26T12:00:25Z fbt:R.E driver

A review on Diversity, Mechanism of Action and Evolutionary Significance of Antimicrobial Peptides : A Review on Antimicrobial Peptides Muhammad, Noor Ansar, Waiza Ullah, Arif Liaqat, Iram Nazir, Zahid Antimicrobial Peptides Antibiotics ß-sheets Toroidal Pore Model Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, evolutionarily main peptides that widely exist in rich diversity across nature and play a significant role in the innate immunity of various taxa from invertebrates to vertebrates. They are equally targeted as the newest discovered antibiotics against various prokaryotes, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. AMPs show broad-spectrum potential with high efficacy and low toxicity via in vivo studies. Undoubtedly, this also confers their specific mechanism of action (MOA) and unique but distinct structures. Already, many studies have reported that AMPs possess diverse MOA against various pathogenic microbes. AMPs also encourage the cells to enhance wound healing, programmed cell death, angiogenesis, and produce chemokines. However, the associated risk is the evolution of resistance to AMPs could lead to possible danger to inherent immunity. From an evolutionary perspective, they are usually considered nonspecific with redundant functions due to the fact that they are easily duplicated and produce pseudogenes, thus showing less evolution at the primary amino acid level. However, the microbial resistance risk against conventional antibiotics can be minimized by using AMPs efficiently and sustainably. Understanding the nature and evolution of AMPs will be beneficial as well. The current review focused on antimicrobial peptides' diversity, history, MOA, and evolutionary significance.   CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/99 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.99 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 02-09 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/99/69 10.54393/fbt.v4i02``.99.g69 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/101 2024-04-20T10:14:21Z fbt:O.A driver

Determining Acid-Bile Optimization and Correlation between Optical Density and the Colony Forming Units of Lactobacilli Species: Optimizing Acid-Bile Tolerance of Lactobacilli Jabeen, Shamsa Hasan, Ali Rizwan, Muhammad Javed, Hina Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Ahmad, Shehzad Hussain, Ali Probiotics Lactobacilli Colony Forming Unit Optical Density Different research practices are being done with time to check the fruitful aspects of probiotics administration in food. In this regard, a specific number of probiotics is mixed in the food and presented to the experimental animals in laboratory to the fruitful impacts of probiotics on host. Objective: To design the standard curve between optical density and the number of colony-forming units. Methods: Lactobacilli species were grown in broth and their colony forming units (CFU) were calculated at different dilutions. In addition to this, relationship between optical density and number of colony forming units and acid-bile tolerance of these Lactobacilli species were also found out. Results: It was observed that L. paracasii, L. delbrueckii, L. rhamnosus, and L. brevis showed optimum rates with the Mean±SEM values of 2.56±0.04 on pH 7, 2.51±0.04 on pH 7.5, 2.46±0.04 on pH 7.5 and 2.54±0.02 on pH 7 respectively (p <0.0001). Similarly, all these isolates (L. paracasii, L. delbrueckii, L. rhamnosus, and L. brevis) showed maximum growth rates on bile concentration of 0.1, and their Mean±SEM values of optical densities were 1.83±0.10, 2.36±0.25, 2.50±0.31, 1.58±0.10 respectively (p <0.0001). Means were compared by ANOVA employing SPSS 20.0. Conclusions: The study provided insights in conducting different research practices on probiotics in future. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/101 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.101 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 58-63 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/101/70 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.101.g70 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/104 2024-04-27T07:57:10Z fbt:O.A driver

Effect of Screen Time on Biogenic Amines, Gross Behavior and Histological Conditions of Rat’s Brain : Effect of Screen Time on Rat’s Brain Munawwar, Rabia Anser, Humaira Fatima, Zunash Rehman, Rabeeya Iftikhar, Javeria Sarfraz, Sana Rafiq, Kiran Screen Time Biogenic Amines Neurotransmitters Histopathology Dopamine Receptors Neurotransmitters and hormones work together in a complex way in the body to control mental and physical processes. Objective: To focus on dopamine, a crucial neurotransmitter produced by mesencephalic neurons in both the brain and peripheral organs. Methods: The study was conducted on albino rats weighing 180-200 gm. The rats were introduced into the new apparatus designed with the measurements of 40 x 40 cm in length, 25 x 25 cm in breadth, and 30 cm in height on all four sides. All sides were painted black except one mounted with (Light Emitted Diode) LED display. Rats were shown the screen for 1 hour daily for 30 minutes with high pixel resolutions and bright colors. The tested group was then compared with the control group on the 30th day on the parameters of gross behavior, biogenic amines of brains, and brain histopathology. Results: The results showed anxiety and hyperactive behavior in gross studies. Biogenic amines showed an increase in 2-amino 5-methyl benzoic acid that is the dopamine precursor. The study indicated that low levels of pyrrolidine, which decreased (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid) GABA in the brain, ultimately caused sleep disorders. Histopathological studies also showed the degeneration of neuronal cells in tested brains compared to control. Conclusions: The changes found in rats might be useful in determining the drawbacks of using mobiles, tabs, and other screen time CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/104 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.104 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 64-70 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/104/71 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.104.g71 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/105 2024-08-31T13:25:10Z fbt:O.A driver

Molecular Docking-Aided Identification of Natural Bioactive Molecules as Potential Cancer Cell Proliferation Inhibitors: Molecular Docking as Cancer Cell Inhibitors Hassan, Iqra Gul, sameena Zaman, Aqsa Zafar, Erum Khan, Muhammad Cell Proliferation Inhibitors Sesquiterpene Lactones Molecular Docking Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Uncontrolled proliferation of cells is a hallmark of cancer development and progression. Ki-67 (a marker of proliferation Kiel-67) and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) are two major proliferations, diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as these are over expressed in cancerous cells. Pharmacological inhibition of Ki-67 and PCNA could effectively inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Objective: To identify Sesquiterpene Lactones (SLs) as potential inhibitors of Ki-67 and PCNA to reduce cancer burden. Methods: The inhibitory potential of SLs, namely sulfocostunolide A, sulfocostunolide B, ilicol, eucalyptone, and ascleposide E, were investigated using Molecular Docking (MD) analysis. MD analysis and visualization of ligand-protein complexes were performed using softwares such as MGL tools, BIOVIA Discovery Studio visualizer and LigPlot plus. Additionally, drug likeness and pharmacokinetic properties of SLs were assessed via pkCSM and ADMET analysis. Results: Results showed that eucalyptone with binding energy of -8.1 kcal/mol with Ki-67 while sulfocostunolide B with -6.4 kcal/mol binding energy with PCNA are the most potent proliferative inhibitors of Ki-67 and PCNA. ADMET properties, MD studies and toxicity prediction shows that current investigated ligands bind effectively with Ki-67 and PCNA without showing any toxicity. Conclusions: Current study concludes that eucalyptone with Ki-67 and sulfocostunolide B with PCNA made stable complexes and can be considered as novel inhibitors. In addition to that, these suggested ligands have also shown effective drug likeness and ADMET profile. Further, in-vitro and in-vivo studies are required to validate these findings. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/105 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.105 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 25-30 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/105/75 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.105.g75 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/106 2024-04-06T09:33:44Z fbt:O.A driver

Toxicity Evaluation and Tissue Damaging Effects of Lead in Labeo Rohita: Lead Toxicity and Tissue Damage in Labeo Rohita Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Hashmi, Syeda Alveena Hasan, Ali Ahmad, Husna Lead Toxicity Labeo Rohita Biomagnification Tissue Damage Aquatic Pollution Heavy metal contamination of aquatic ecosystems due to industrialization and anthropogenic activities has become a serious global issue. Toxic effects of these heavy metals are posing a major threat to the aquatic organisms especially fish. Fishes exposed to lead (Pb), exhibit a wide-range of effects including muscular and neurological degeneration and destruction, growth inhibition, mortality, reproductive problems, and paralysis. Many fish species are used as food source by man. Bio magnification of these metals makes them hazardous for humans. Objective: To evaluate the acute toxicity (96-hr LC50 and lethal concentrations) of Pb in Labeo rohita and the effect of various sub-lethal doses of Pb on different organs (Gills, Liver, and Muscles) of fish. Methods: Live fish samples (150) were shifted from hatchery to laboratory. To measure metal (Pb), accumulation in fish body inductively coupled Plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was performed. Results: Acute toxicity (96-hr LC50) of Pb was observed as 52.20 mg/l, while Pb accumulation was noted more in gills as compared to liver and muscles. Conclusions: This study will provide baseline information for the control of aquatic pollution and conservation of aquatic organisms CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/106 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.106 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 53-57 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i01 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/106/68 10.54393/fbt.v4i01.106.g68 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/110 2026-03-26T11:32:54Z fbt:O.A driver

Effect of β-Galacto-Oligosaccharides on Growth Performance in Physiologically Stressed Rabbits: β-Galacto-Oligosaccharides on Growth Performance in Stressed Rabbits Shaikh, Jamil Ahmed Kachiwal, Allah Bux Soomro, Saeed Ahmed Mughal, Gulfam Ali Shaikh, Tahseen Jamil Growth Performance Weight Gain Stress in Rabbits Hepatic Function Growth performance analysis under this study evaluated the dietary impact of β-galacto-oligosaccharides (β-GOS). Scientists have established that prebiotic β-GOS promotes health in the gut tissue, thus leading to enhanced productivity alongside improved general health during dexamethasone-induced stress conditions. Objectives: To investigate whether the addition of β-GOS to rabbit diets would positively affect their physiology-linked weight gain as well as their feed efficiency and developmental metrics. Methods: A 12-week experiment with 40 rabbits belonging to 3 ± 0.98 months of age and weighing 1.48 ± 0.41 kg allocated 8 animals to each dietary treatment group. Among all monitored aspects, live body weight and food intake, and feed conversion efficiency (FCR) were ranked as significant items. Rabbits received feed consumption measurements each day and underwent body weight assessment every week.  Results: Feeding rabbits β-GOS under stress greatly improved their health and growth performance. Compared to Groups A-D, Group E (D-S15 + 0.3% β-GOS) had the greatest FCR and the largest gain in live body weight. The group that consumed the most feed was Group A (Negative Control). Group E. Conclusions showed the most efficient feed conversion. Conclusions: It was concluded that supplementing stressed rabbits with β-GOS can successfully increase their growth, feed conversion efficiency, and general health, providing a useful dietary strategy to alleviate growing deficits caused by stress. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/110 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.110 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 46-51 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i1 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/110/116 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.110.g116 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/112 2024-09-04T08:21:50Z fbt:O.A driver

First Evidence of Haplotypes of Babesia bigemina From District Sialkot Pakistan and Their Relation to Other Countries: Haplotypes of Babesia bigemina Qureshi, Asma Waheed Mir, Duaa Haplotype Analysis Tick-Borne Disease Phylogenetic 18S rRNA Gene Babesiosis is a tick borne disease of animals and causes significant losses to livestock sector and in turn to the economy of Pakistan. Objective: To analyze the molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Babesia species for inter and intra specific genetic variations in district Sialkot, Pakistan. Methods: Total 150 (Cow=120, Buffalo=20 and Sheep=10) blood samples were collected. Microscopic examination of blood smears stained by field stain method was performed. DNA was extracted by phenol chloroform extraction method and 18S rRNA gene was targeted for PCR amplification. MEGAX software was used to perform phylogenetic analysis. Haplotype analysis was performed with Popart software by using median joining network method. Results: Out of 150 blood samples, 50 (33%) were positive for Babesia bigemina (B. bigemina). Out of these, 36 showed 446bp bands specific for 18S rRNA gene of B. bigemina. In Phylogenetic tree one sequence from cow had 98% similarity with sequence from Uganda while all other sequences from cow had 98% similarity with sequence from China. Isolate from buffalo showed 98% similarity with sequence of buffalo previously reported from Pakistan and sequence of sheep appeared as more related to buffalo samples. Haplotype analysis from current study revealed four haplotypes, two from cow, one each from buffalo and sheep. Conclusions: This study was helpful for molecular and phylogenetic analysis of Babesia isolates from district Sialkot, Pakistan. Haplotyping has revealed the genetic variants among different and same host species.      CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/112 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.112 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 36-42 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/112/77 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.112.g77 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/119 2024-08-31T13:23:11Z fbt:O.A driver

Development and Validation of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (Lamp) Field Assay for the Detection of Brucella abortus: Detection of Brucella abortus Jamil, Muhammad Ali, Shehzad Hussain, Ali Abbas, Yassar Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Aslam, Andleeb Hasan, Ali Brucella abortus, BSCP31 Gene Serum Screening Rose Bengal Plate Test Currently, a number of techniques are available for detection of Brucella abortus (B. abortus) but these techniques are costly and specialized equipment are needed. Therefore, the development of a rapid, accurate, sensitive, and cost effective technique for identification of Brucella species is of high priority. Objective: The current research study was designed to detect Brucella species more rapidly. The current study area was conducted in district Lodhran, Punjab, Pakistan. Methods: A total 100 blood samples (50 cattle and 50 buffaloes) were collected. Serum samples were screened against B. abortus antibodies using Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT). The specific gene was designed by using NCBI website and whole genome of Brucella species. The primers were designed from Gene accession number 20404. Following primers were designed F3, B3, FIP, BIP, LF, LB, B4, and B5. The LAMP technique for BSCP31 gene was developed by using many concentrations of components and conditions. Results: The development and validation of LAMP assay for detection of B. abortus from bovine blood in the present study proved helpful in early detection of said pathogen in animal and humans. Conclusions: This study will be helpful in prevention and control of animal and human brucellosis in Pakistan. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/119 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.119 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 19-24 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/119/74 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.119.g74 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/121 2024-09-04T08:34:26Z fbt:O.A driver

Physiological Effects of Alloxan on Serum Glucose Levels and Liver Function Test in Male Rabbit: Physiological Effects of Alloxan on Serum Glucose Levels Pirzada, Iftikhar Ahmed Kachiwal, Allah Bux Soomro, Jameela Buriro, Rhahana S Alloxan Glucose Liver Function Test Insulin Physiological Effect Rabbit Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels that can lead to various complications. Exploring the physiological alterations in rabbits can provide valuable insights for the development of therapeutic interventions. This research delves into the impact of diabetes on the physiological and biochemical parameters of male rabbits. Objectives: To compare the physiological parameters like body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation) and body weight and biochemical parameters, including blood glucose levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and total protein levels in diabetic and non-diabetic rabbits. Methods: An experiment on 30 male rabbits divided into diabetic and control groups measured physiological parameters like body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation. Body weight and blood glucose levels were tracked, and blood samples were taken for ALT, AST, creatinine, LDH, cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein levels. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the physiological and biochemical parameters between the diabetic and control groups. Results: The results showed that induced diabetes in male rabbits affects their physiological and biochemical parameters significantly. Diabetic rabbits had lower body temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, and oxygen saturation compared to the control group. They also had higher body weight and blood glucose levels. Biochemical analysis showed increased ALT, AST, and creatinine levels, and decreased LDH and total protein levels in diabetic rabbits. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the extensive impact of diabetes on rabbit physiology and biochemistry, offering insights for future diabetes research. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/121 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.121 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 43-49 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/121/78 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.121.g78 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/122 2024-08-31T13:21:15Z fbt:O.A driver

Assessing the Impact of Xenobiotic (Bisphenol A) on Blood Physiology and Biochemical Alterations Using Labeo Rohita Fish as a Model Organism: Impact of Bisphenol A on Blood Physiology in Labeo Rohita Ahmad, Shabbir Akmal, Hasnain Shahzad, Khurram Bisphenol A Hematobiochemical Labeo Rohita Bisphenol A (BPA) is an emerging pollutant that is extensively used in the manufacturing of various industrial products and is associated with adverse effects on both human and wildlife health. Objective: Present study aimed to evaluate the effects of bisphenol A on hematobiochemical biomarkers in freshwater Labeo rohita. Methods: For the purpose of this investigation, healthy fish were divided into four groups (A–D). Group A was treated as a BPA-free control group, while Group B, Group C, and Group D were exposed to various doses of BPA such as 400, 800, and 1600 µg/L, respectively for 21 days. Results: BPA-exposed fish showed different physical and behavioral abnormalities in dose-dependent ways. Results indicated significant increase in the concentrations of various hematobiochemical parameters, such as WBCs, MCHC, RDW, RDW-SD, platelets, neutrophils, triglycerides, cholesterol, ALT, AST, blood glucose, urea, T3, TSH and creatinine, while HGB, RBCs, HCT, MCV, MCH, PDW, lymphocytes, HDL, LDL, VLDL, total protein, globulin, albumin and T4 concentrations were decreased. Conclusions: The current study concluded that bisphenol A causes deleterious effects by disrupting physiological and hematobiochemical parameters alteration in exposed fish. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/122 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.122 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 10-18 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/122/73 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.122.g73 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/124 2025-12-08T09:11:33Z fbt:O.A driver

Isolation of Endospore-Forming Bacteria from Milk Collected from Selected Cities of Pakistan: Endospore-Forming Bacteria from Milk in Pakistan Jamshad, Sitara Jabeen, Shamsa Hasan, Ali Hussain, Aftab Raza, Muhammad Ahsan Ahmad, Shehzad Qazi, Javed Iqbal Endo-Sporogenic Bacteria Bacterial Sensitivity Pathogenic Microorganisms Milk Processing Milk production, processing and consumption are connected to human nutritional requirements that have been inferred through the current investigation conducted involving the microbiological examination of milk samples from different cities of Pakistan. Objective: To investigate the isolation of endospore-forming bacteria from milk collected from selected cities of Pakistan. Methods: Several milk samples were collected from Lahore, Gujranwala and Sheikhupura for microbiological evaluation and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Isolation and characterization employing different morphological and biochemical tests was done which showed a heavy load of Bacillus endospore-forming bacterial species. Results: The results revealed that all the samples were contaminated with endospores-forming bacteria. Highly effective drugs in this study included Azithromycin, Rifampicin and Chloramphenicole resulted in 97%, 95.5% and 95.5% bacterial sensitivity respectively whereas Novobiocin was found to be 88.8% and Amoxilin showed 84.4% efficacy against bacterial Isolates. Metronidazole and Cefaxitin were found to be the least sensitive up to 44.4% and 17.7% respectively. Cefaxitin and Metronidazole were the most resistant medicines recorded at 83.3% and 66.6% respectively. In the case of metals, the bacterial sensitivity was found to be much lower i.e. at 1% Zn concentration, the highest recorded sensitivity was 51.1%. Bacterial Isolates were found to be highly resistant against Fe and Pb (1% metal concentration) and showed 0% and 2.2% sensitivity respectively. Conclusions: It was concluded that for the eradication of harmful endo-sporogenic bacteria in drinking milk, samples should be obtained employing efficient and safe standard antibacterial protocols for milk processing. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/124 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.124 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 04 (October-December Issue); 46-55 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i04 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/124/106 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.124.g106 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/125 2024-08-31T13:26:59Z fbt:O.A driver

Evaluating the Composition of Biodiesel Synthesized from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae: Biodiesel from Black Soldier Fly Larvae Khizar, Fatima Hameed, Sana Yousaf, Hafiz Kamran Sarwar, Muhammad Sajjad Biodiesel Black Soldier Fly Larvae Transesterification Sustainable Feedstock Biodiesel is considered a viable alternative to conventional diesel, particularly for the ground transportation industry. While different plant seeds oils have been the dominant feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis to date. However, they are often expensive due to their limited supply and low reproductive rate. Objective: To present a sustainable approach by using the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as an alternative feedstock. Methods: The larvae were fed with waste chicken rice, fish, soft vegetables and fruits. These wastes provide food and shelter for disease-causing insect larvae and contributes to land pollution. Using petroleum ether as a solvent, 12.2 g of crude grease was extracted from ~ 500 larvae, resulting in about 11.8 g of biodiesel through a two-step acid-base catalyzed transesterification process. Results: The resultant biodiesel was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), revealing a Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) profile predominantly comprising dodecanoic acid, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, 9- octadecenoic acid and 11- octadecenoic acid etc, emphasizing its potential as a high-quality alternative to conventional diesel fuel. Conclusions: This study contributed to develop biodiesel as an eco-friendly renewable energy technology by using BSFL. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/125 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.125 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 31-35 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/125/76 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.125.g76 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/126 2024-08-31T13:14:04Z fbt:edt driver

Advancing Diagnostic Capabilities through Organ-on-a-Chip Technology Tariq, Muhammad Akram In the recent years, the field of lab-on-a-chip (LOC) technology has made substantial progress and has transformed the landscape of diagnostic applications. These miniaturized and integrated microfluidic devices have potentially revolutionized medical diagnostics by providing rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective analysis of various biomarkers and analytes. One of the key advancements in this domain is the integration of cellular constructs within micro-engineered platforms. It has enabled to recapitulate the physiological and pathological conditions of complex tissues and organs.  This ‘Organ-on-a-Chip’ technology holds immense promise for point-of-care diagnostics. These microfluidic devices offer unprecedented insights into disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions. From mimicking the blood-brain barrier for drug screening to representing the properties of vital organs like the liver, heart, and lungs, organ-on-a-chip systems can revolutionize diagnostic paradigms. Not only has this technology enhanced the diagnostic accuracy, it is also revolutionizing multiplexing and high-throughput screening. These micro-engineered constructs provide a versatile platform for drug development and toxicology studies, and enable researchers to evaluate multiple parameters simultaneously, which has accelerated the pace of discovery and innovation. In additions, these systems are potentially streamlining the sample preparation and analysis as well. Owing to their miniaturized nature, the organ-on-a-chip devices allow for the use of smaller sample and reagent volumes, leading to more efficient and cost-effective analyses. Despite the impressive strides made in organ-on-a-chip technology, there are still challenges need to be addressed. Among these hurdles lie standardization, scalability, and regulatory considerations that must be overcome to fully realize the potential of these micro-engineered platforms. However, continued innovation and collaboration can totally alter the future of diagnostic applications. Organ-on-a-chip technology holds the promise of revolutionizing medical diagnostics, offering rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective analysis of biomarkers and analytes. The potential for organ-on-a-chip technology to transform healthcare delivery and improve patient outcomes is limitless CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/126 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.126 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i02 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/126/72 10.54393/fbt.v4i02.126.g72 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/128 2025-12-08T09:06:39Z fbt:O.A driver

Optimization of Autosomal STR Markers for Equine Genotyping Using Multiplex PCR: Optimizing Markers for Equine Genotyping Mustafa, Usama Zaroon, . Shoukat, Sana Juveria, . Hussain, Manzoor Microsatellites Polymorphism Genotyping Capillary Electrophoresis The investigation of horse lineage was of paramount importance in the registration of different breeds, trade, and formulation of studbooks. The pioneering technique of DNA fingerprinting emerged as the first highly responsive method reliant on DNA for individual identification and the examination of genetic affiliations. Microsatellites were a valuable tool for analyzing the genetic variations present among different horse breeds. The International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG) has endorsed a set of 17 specific Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) for the equine identification, although these can be quite expensive to obtain through commercially available multiplex kits. Objective: To determine five autosomal STR markers (HMS6, HMS7, ASB23, VHL20, and LEX14) were optimized using multiplex PCR for equine genotyping. Methods: DNA was extracted from a Thoroughbred horse blood sample via an organic extraction method. Sensitivity analysis determined the optimal PCR concentration. Genotyping was performed on the ABI PRISM® 3100XL, and data were processed with Gene Mapper ID 3.2v software. Results: The optimal conditions for multiplex PCR of HMS6, HMS7, ASB23, VHL20, and LEX14 primers were 60°C annealing temperature, 3ng DNA concentration and 6μM primer concentration. A 12.5μL PCR reaction volume was recommended for cost efficiency. Conclusions: The results of this research have the potential to create a cost-effective, regionally produced multiplex PCR kit. This kit would be designed for analyzing parentage lineage within the Equine family in Pakistan, incorporating ISAG-recommended markers: VHL20, HMS6, HMS7, ASB23, and additionally LEX14. It could significantly streamline the import and export of horses in Pakistan. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/128 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.128 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 03 (July-September Issue); 34-40 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/128/102 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.128.g102 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/131 2026-03-26T10:53:17Z fbt:O.A driver

Investigating the Usage of Random Forest Method on Next-Generation Sequencing Data to Predict MSH2and MSH6 Associated Mutations: Random Forest Method to Predict MSH2and MSH6 Associated Mutations Ullah, Obaid Hussain, Muzamal Kanwal, Nazia Amin, Aamir Saeed, Ahmar Zaheer, Mudasir Fatima, Sana Colorectal cancer (CRC) Random Forest Machine Learning MSH2 MSH6 DNA Diagnosis NGS Mutation Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Germline mutations in CRC are associated with the MSH2 and MSH6 genes, which prevent infection for the DNA MMR pathway. Objectives: To enhance CRC-related prediction  of mutations using the Random Forest algorithm on NGS data of MSH2 and MSH6 gene. Given the tremendous amount of genetic information obtained from NGS, a model for the early diagnosis and individual treatment of CRC is necessary. Methods: The raw sequencing data of MSH2 and MSH6 genes were meticulously downloaded from the NCBI's SRA database. The three datasets of 1000, 2000, and 3000 sequences were carefully analyzed to assess genomic features, including ORF count, nucleotide content, AT/CG ratio, G-quadruplex signal, and mutation rates, to understand their correlation with colorectal cancer. The data were then divided into a training set (80%) and a test set (20%) for model training and testing in Python, employing the Biopython package for mutation analysis and feature extraction. The model was rigorously evaluated using accuracy, confusion matrix, and classification report, instilling confidence in the research process for accurate CRC mutation prediction. Results: The Random Forest model yielded high accuracy of 96.25%, 98.37%, and 99. 5% for the datasets of 1000, 2000, and 3000 sequences, respectively. The confusion matrix showed that the model was very accurate in identifying true negatives, especially in the large data set. Conclusions: The study successfully applied the Random Forest algorithm to predict CRC using NGS data of MSH2 and MSH6 gene mutations. The model's potential to revolutionize CRC research is both exciting and optimistic. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/131 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.131 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 27-32 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i1 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/131/111 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.131.g111 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/134 2025-12-08T09:06:39Z fbt:O.A driver

Insilico Insights into Resveratrol as a Potential Inhibitor of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Enoyl-ACP Reductase (InhA) Protein: Insilico Insights into Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Enoyl-ACP Reductase Ullah, Obaid Hanif, Nimra Ayesha, . Mufti, Abdul Qayyoum Amjad, Fizza Manzoor, Maleeha Jameel, Esha Fatima, Sana Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Resveratrol Insilico Drug Enoyl-ACP Reductase Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, is a global cause of death. Thus, the development of innovative treatment strategies is required. Objective: To develop in-silico drugs by phytochemicals to inhibit the Enoyl-ACP reductase (InhA) protein, which is essential for synthesizing mycobacterial cell walls. Methods: The 3D structure of InhA was taken from the Protein Data Bank. The Ramachandran plot validated the model with a score of 98.7% from the favoured Ramachandran plot. Computed Atlas of Surface Topography of Proteins was used to detect the active sites for ligand interaction. Resveratrol were selected based on existing studies and further listed for drug-likeness. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity analysis showed the possibility of resveratrol as a drug candidate, with no violation of Lipinski rules and excellent absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract. Results: The boiled egg model confirmed the ability of ligands to go through the blood-brain barrier. Toxicity predictions of resveratrol indicated low risks with several other systems of organs. Molecular docking with CB-Dock2 showed the strong binding of Resveratrol to InhA, with a Vina score equal to -8.8 kcal/mol. Further exploration of the docking complex by molecular docking simulation using the Integrated Management of the Public Distribution System was carried out, and the trajectory confirmed stable interaction and protein flexibility. Conclusions: It was concluded that resveratrol acts as a potent, non-toxic candidate for tuberculosis treatment and highlights its inhibition capacity of InhA. Results need future vitro and in vivo validation to develop this highly reliable therapeutic alternative for combating tuberculosis. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/134 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.134 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 03 (July-September Issue); 27-33 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/134/101 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.134.g101 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/138 2025-12-08T09:06:39Z fbt:edt driver

Personalized Medicine: The Dawn of a New Era in Healthcare Ahmed, Fridoon Jawad The landscape of healthcare is transforming with the advent of personalized medicine, an approach that alters medical treatment to each individual's specific characteristics. This paradigm shift is driven by advancements in genomics, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, which have developed a deeper understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of diseases. This new healthcare model is based on precision and individualization, aiming to provide customized healthcare with medical decisions and treatments by considering variability in genes, environment and lifestyle of an individual patient and offer accurate diagnosis, better treatments and prevention plans. The accomplishment of the Human Genome Project in 2003 was a significant advancement in genomics that provided blueprints of the human genome [1]. Rapid progress in genomic sequencing technologies makes it feasible and cost effective. Advanced sequencing techniques including next-generation sequencing allow a detailed analysis of genetic makeup to locate mutations and genetic predispositions for better treatment decisions. Cancer is caused by genetic heterogeneity and has benefited greatly from genomic insights. Molecular profiling of tumor cells allows the identification of specific genetic mutations involved in cancer pathogenesis. Targeted therapies can then be designed to inhibit these specific molecular pathways, leading to more effective and less toxic treatments compared to traditional chemotherapy. For example, in breast cancer the identification of Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) mutations has led to the development of HER2-targeted therapies to improve treatment [2]. Besides oncology, personalized medicine is making progress in other fields. In cardiology, genetic testing allows identification of patients who are at risk of getting inherited cardiovascular diseases. In pharmacology, pharmacogenomics, the study of correlation between genes and immune response of an individual to drugs helps in designing most effective drugs with the least side effects for each patient. In infectious diseases, genomic sequencing of pathogenic microbes can lead to development of appropriate antimicrobial drugs to prevent outbreaks. Despite its progress, the implementation of personalized medicine is facing several challenges. The utilization of genomic data in clinical workflows demands significant changes to healthcare setting and training with concerns about data privacy, equal access to diverse populations and the ethical implications of genetic information. Currently, the universal unavailability of sophisticated bioinformatics tools to interpret complex genomic data is also a challenge. Researchers and policymakers must work in to set guidelines and standards for safe use of personalized medicine. Therefore, personalized medicine is a promising tool, which has revolutionized diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in traditional medicine. Using genomics and molecular biology, we can develop a more precise, predictive, and personalized approach to medicine. This exciting frontier must be navigated with the ultimate goal of improving patient outcomes. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/138 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.138 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 03 (July-September Issue); 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/138/79 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.138.g79 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/145 2025-12-08T09:11:33Z fbt:R.E driver

Impact of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Agricultural Crops Performance: A Review of Efficacy and Mechanisms: Nanoparticles on Agricultural Crops Zainab, Laraib Tahir, Arqam Naeem, Eman Ul Rafaqat, Ayesha Ahmad, Ali Malik, Damiya Ejaz, Hadiqa Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Agricultural Productivity Crop Performance Nanotechnology Sustainable Agriculture The rapidly increasing global population has escalated the demand for food production, intensifying the pressure on agricultural systems to meet this rising need. Traditional farming methods often fall short of addressing this challenge due to limitations in crop yield and resistance to environmental stress. In response, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising solution, particularly through the application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). TiO2 NPs, due to their unique physicochemical properties, have gained attention for their potential to enhance agricultural productivity. Their mechanism primarily involves the modulation of light absorption, improving photosynthesis, and offering antimicrobial properties that protect crops from pathogens. Additionally, these nanoparticles can promote nutrient uptake and enhance plant growth, ultimately leading to higher crop yields. The utilization of TiO2 NPs in agriculture offers a sustainable and efficient approach to boosting food production, making it a valuable tool in addressing global food security concerns. However, further research is essential to assess their long-term safety and scalability for widespread agricultural applications CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/145 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.145 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 04 (October-December Issue); 12-20 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i04 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/145/84 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.145.g84 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/146 2025-12-08T09:11:33Z fbt:R.E driver

Actinomycetes: Ultimate Potential Source of Bioactive Compounds Production: Actinomycetes for Bioactive Compounds Production Khalid, Hamza Tariq, Ayesha Jurrat, Husna Musaddaq, Rabbia Liaqat, Iram Muhammad, Noor Actinomycetes Streptomyces Micromonospora Rare Actinomycetes Every day, increased microbial resistance demands the search for new natural sources that can produce natural and effective antimicrobial compounds. Actinomycetes are attractive microorganisms with an enormous and unlimited potential to produce economically and biotechnologically important metabolites. Approximately 75% of all bioactive compounds produced so far originate from this group of bacteria. Many of these compounds have been successfully isolated and converted into valuable medications and other naturally derived synthetic compounds with antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic properties. The antimicrobial agents produced by this valuable group of prokaryotes were effectively used to rival parasites and other microbes for assets. They include many genera, each with the potential to produce various novel products. For example, one of the leading genera is Streptomyces, which contributes 70% of total antibiotics such as macrolide, aminoglycoside, Rifamycin, Ivermectin, chloramphenicol, and a large number of other medicinally valuable antimicrobial agents. It also includes anticancer agents as well. Similar to Streptomyces, Micromonospora is another major source of antibiotics producing Tetrocarcins, Fortimicins, Antlermicins, Sagamicins, Mutamicins, Verdamicins, Sisomicins, Calicheamicin, and gentamicin. Other rare actinomycetes are potential producers of novel and broad-spectrum antibiotics, including Salinosporamide A, Marinomycin A, Arenimycin, Vancomycin, Abyssomicins, and Proximicins. Due to the expanding studies, data on the production of various metabolites by this unique and outstanding phylum is expanding daily. This review has made an effort to improve the pre-available knowledge on producing and characterizing novel antimicrobial compounds with therapeutic potential from terrestrial and marine actinomycetes. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/146 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.146 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 04 (October-December Issue); 02-11 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i04 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/146/83 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.146.g83 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/148 2025-12-08T09:11:33Z fbt:O.A driver

Impact of Zinc Phosphide on Hematology, Behaviour and Proximate Composition of Oreochromis niloticus: Zinc Phosphide on Composition of Oreochromis niloticus Shahzadi, Iram Yaseen, Shazia Khizar, Fatima Farhan, Muhammad Haider, Muhammad Irfan Ismat, Nida Sarwar, Muhammad Sajjad Hussain, Majid Zinc Phosphide Oreochromis niloticus Hematology Proximate Composition Aquatic Toxicity Zinc phosphide is a rodenticide, crystalline compound of dark grey color. It is present in many pesticides and when sprayed on plants it gains entry into food and water. Objective: To evaluate the effect of zinc phosphide on the hematology, behavior and proximate composition of Oreochromis niloticus. Methods: In present research, fish were given a dose of zinc phosphide in aquarium for twenty days. Fish were divided into two groups, control, and treatment, each with three replicates. Treatment group was exposed to 1mg/ml of Zinc phosphide given to treatment group twice a day for 20 days continuously. When the experiment was completed fish were anaesthetized, dissected and blood was drawn to evaluate the hematological parameters. Fish activities swimming, gill movement, mortality and morbidity were recorded.  Results: Zinc Phosphide exhibited variable impact on proximate composition. There was a significant decrease in values of crude fat and increase in value of crude protein and total ash in comparison to control group. Fish were active during the trial period they exhibited fast movement, no rubbing against the wall, and fish didn't harm each other in the treatment group. Conclusions: According to these results, zinc phosphide havearmful impacts on fish health. As a result, its usage must be carefully regulated to reduce environmental contamination and safeguard aquatic ecosystems. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/148 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.148 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 04 (October-December Issue); 39-45 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i04 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/148/88 https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/148/96 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.148.g96 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/149 2025-12-08T09:06:39Z fbt:R.E driver

Regulation of Intestinal Iron Absorption: Balancing Supply and Demand: Regulation of Intestinal Iron Absorption Yaseen, Shazia Akram, Rai Hamza Ali, Basit Zaheer, Komal Rafique, Memoona Eman, Pakeeza Fatima, Namal Kausar, Fazeelat Luqman, Muhammad Intestinal Iron Ferroportin Enterocytes Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 2 (HIF-2) Ferritin anemia Iron, an essential micronutrient, is involved in several physiological activities, including oxygen transport, cellular respiration, and DNA synthesis. Its homeostasis is strictly controlled to avoid overload and deficiency. Ferrous iron is taken up by intestinal enterocytes through the apical membrane with the help of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1). Iron can then be discharged into the bloodstream by ferroportin 1 (FPN1) or stored intracellularly in ferritin. Hepcidin, a hormone produced in the liver, binds to FPN1 and causes its internalization and degradation, a key factor in controlling systemic iron levels. Thus, hepcidin limits the absorption and release of iron by decreasing the iron outflow from enterocytes and macrophages. Iron-responsive element/iron regulatory protein (IRE/IRP) system and hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF-2) are important cellular regulators of iron homeostasis. The IRE/IRP system post-transcriptionally regulates the expression of iron-related proteins in response to iron availability. At the same time, HIF-2 promotes the expression of iron transporters and metabolic enzymes under hypoxic conditions. Iron-related disorders can result from disruptions in these regulatory mechanisms; for instance, mutations in the genes encoding hepcidin, FPN1, or hereditary hemochromatosis protein (HFE) can cause iron overload disorders like hemochromatosis, while iron deficiency anemia is caused by impaired iron absorption due to genetic defects or nutritional deficiencies. A deeper understanding of these intricate mechanisms is crucial for developing effective strategies to prevent and treat iron-related disorders.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/149 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.149 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 03 (July-September Issue); 02-09 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/149/97 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.149.g97 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/150 2025-12-08T09:11:33Z fbt:R.E driver

Biotechnological Approaches to Discovery of Drugs for Veterinary Use: Discovery of Drugs for Veterinary Use Abdelkarim, Omnia Fathy Rehman, Shafiq Ur Samad, Abdul Khan, Imdad Ullah Akram, Muhammad Waseem Sayeed, Md Abu Yimga, F.G,Tchaptchet Arshad, Muhammad Arsalan Rashid, Adnan Basit, Abdul Biotechnology Veterinary Drug Discovery Gene Therapy Vetinformatics Artificial Intelligence This review examined the application of biotechnology to veterinary drug discovery, highlighting its efficiency and potential for creating novel therapies for a wide range of animal diseases. Compared to conventional methods, biotechnological models offer several advantages, such as reduced time and cost. These models also allowed for an abysmal empathetic of disease mechanisms, facilitating the development of highly targeted treatments. Gene therapy is a significant area of research, demonstrating considerable potential in addressing various veterinary conditions. Its successful application includes the management of ocular disorders in dogs, cardiovascular and renal issues in cats, osteoarthritis in horses, and metabolic disorders like diabetes in dogs. Advances in genome sequencing and proteomics have enabled researchers to understand animal proteomes better, leading to the documentation of potential drug targets and the development of more precise therapies. vetinformatics, which uses computational tools and big data analysis, is vital for accelerating research and development in veterinary science. The convergence of biotechnology and Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents considerable promise for the future of veterinary drug discovery. AI-powered algorithms can analyses large datasets, identify patterns, and predict drug efficacy, thus expediting the drug development process and creating more effective treatments. Continued investment in these areas is essential to realize the transformative potential of biotechnology for improving animal health and advancing veterinary science. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/150 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.150 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 04 (October-December Issue); 21-28 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i04 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/150/86 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.150.g86 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/151 2025-12-08T09:11:33Z fbt:R.E driver

Common Sage (S. Officinalis)- A Natural Medicine and Its Health Benefits: S. Officinalis: Healthy Benefits Imran, Sahar Amjad, Nofa Niazi, Madiha Khan Hanif, Sadia Hassan, Farooq Rasool, Shafqat Abid, Wajeeha Khan, Asmat Ullah Salvia Officinalis Bioactive Chemical Constituents Chronic Health Neuro-Cognitive Efficacy Common Sage (Salvia officinalis) belongs to the Labiatae/Lamiaceae family Indigenous to the Middle East and Mediterranean regions but today has been world-widely revolutionized. Salvia officinalis exhibited an extensive array of functionally bioactive chemical constituents that have been employed in the treatment of multiple chronic health conditions and has been under primarily extensive research documenting its novel biological significance and exploring revolutionary biological impacts on well-being revealing an extensive range of pharmaceutical significance. These investigations demonstrated that besides curing relatively mild illnesses, S. officinalis possesses potentially revolutionary natural remedial treatment alleviating chronic health-related life-threatening conditions by possessing anti-carcinogenic, anti-depressive, and anti-diabetic efficacy. This review will shed light on Salvia officinalis pharmaco-medicinal biological properties signifying its anti-oxidative, immune-modulatory, anti-tumor, anti-hyperlipidemic, Neuro-cognitive efficacy, Microbicide activities, and its toxicological effects to preserve and restore health by highlighting the significance of this plant as a fantastic herb with multi-factorial health and wellness benefits. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/151 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.151 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 04 (October-December Issue); 29-38 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i04 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/151/95 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.151.g95 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/152 2025-12-08T09:11:33Z fbt:edt driver

The Role of AI in Revolutionizing Agriculture for Food Security Akram Tariq, Muhammad One of the major problems of present time is producing adequate amount of food, enough for survival of rapidly growing population. Several solutions have been applied to restore the food security.  Production of resilient crops by increasing product yield, even under biotic and abiotic stress factors, is one of the biotechnological revolutions made in the field of agriculture. Molecular alteration, modifications of different crops to make them resistant to various kind of environmental fluctuations such as extreme temperatures, viral and fungal infections, and drought stress has restored the food production to a greater level. Moreover, different tissue culturing methods has optimized the resource usage due to which crop yield has been improved immensely in the recent years. But intensified change in climate in the past few years has affected the supply of food greatly. Integration of AI and machine learning in the agricultural biotechnology has shown new and fast ways to deal with these concerns. Soil monitoring before using it for the production of a crop is important as soil health play a vital role in producing good yield. Before AI, conventional methods like biomass estimation and soil mapping were used to address the problems with the soil and crop productivity but now with AI-assisted remote sensing technologies having deep learning algorithms, water and nutrient stress can be handled in a better way. Along with soil productivity, monitoring of forecast and generating the environmental data with help of AI integrated drones has also played a role in the crop productivity. Furthermore, generating molecular data about gene positions, gene expression in the real time with the help of AI algorithms has advanced the research tremendously. AI has proved to be very useful in bringing the molecular based data and its alignment to design the projects regarding the improvement of crops. It has proved to be smart and time saving tool.   Another advancement that has been made in this field is the collaboration of AI and plant tissue culture. Though micropropagation has potential but at the same it is a labor intensive and time taking task. Such as finding the intricate relationship of elements and optimizing the culture media for plant treatment takes lot of time. Bit with AI model this task has also been simplified. It optimizes the media in short time and monitor the treatment in real time. Due to its effectiveness in tissue culturing it has become an important tool for plant tissue scientists. By solving the climate change issues, facilitating the generation of modified crops, examination of environmental fluctuations and improving the effectiveness of plant tissue culture, Artificial intelligence has immensely transformed the agricultural world completely. Incorporation of AI in the agricultural improvement methods has created a sustainable food system. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/152 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.152 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 04 (October-December Issue); 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i04 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/152/82 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.152.g82 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/153 2025-12-08T09:06:39Z fbt:R.E driver

Role of Microbes in the Production of Dairy Products: Microbes in Dairy Products Naeem, Muhammad Amin, Aatif Ejaz, Joha Shahzad, Fizza Patras, Sehrish Aamir, Khazen Ali Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation Probiotic Dairy Products Microbiota Probiotic Microorganisms have a significant impact on the fermentation processes and health advantages of dairy products. Certain microbial strains are necessary for the fermentation, flavor, and nutritional value enhancement of traditional dairy products including kefir, cheese, and yoghurt. Yeasts, molds, and lactic acid bacteria are necessary for the transformation of lactose to lactic acid, which causes milk to coagulate and produce distinctive smells and textures. Recent developments in synthetic biology, fermentation technology, and microbial genetics have created new opportunities to improve the functioning and quality of dairy products. The present function of microbes in dairy production is examined in this review, with particular attention paid to their use in fermentation, probiotic production, and sustainability. The creation of new probiotic strains, the use of genetically modified microorganisms to produce dairy substitutes, and the application of microbes for more effective and sustainable dairy farming methods are some prospects. The future of the dairy business is expected to be significantly shaped by microbial innovation as customer demand for healthier, more sustainable dairy products increases. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/153 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.153 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 03 (July-September Issue); 17-26 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/153/103 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.153.g103 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/154 2025-12-08T09:06:39Z fbt:R.E driver

A Comprehensive Review of Dengue Fever: Epidemiological Trends, Diagnostic Approaches, Novel Therapeutic Strategies, and Challenges in Vaccine Advancement over the Past Five Years in the Context of Globalization and Climatic Change : Dengue Fever: Novel Therapeutic Strategies and Vaccine Advancement Yousaf, Nimra Raza, Ahmad Batool, Nimra Sheikh, Abubakar Babar, Fiza Ali, Adeeba Dengue fever Epidemiological Trends Diagnostic Approaches Climatic Change Dengue fever, which is caused by the dengue virus and primarily disseminated by Aedes mosquitoes, constitutes a significant global health issue, indicating 400 million infections and 22,000 fatalities each year. The clinical presentation of the disease varies widely, encompassing both asymptomatic manifestations and severe forms such as dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS), particularly during secondary infections attributable to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). The increasing incidence is influenced by several factors, including climate change, globalization, and urbanization, resulting in recurrent epidemics, particularly in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. The current diagnostic methodologies encounter difficulties, often intersecting with other medical conditions, thereby necessitating the implementation of advanced techniques for precise identification. Management predominantly entails supportive care and traditional interventions, while substantial deficiencies persist in the realm of effective therapeutic alternatives and vaccine innovation. Notwithstanding advancements with live attenuated vaccines, a universally effective vaccine has yet to be achieved. Ongoing research is imperative to confront these challenges and establish effective preventive measures against dengue fever. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/154 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.154 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 03 (July-September Issue); 10-16 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/154/98 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.154.g98 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/155 2026-03-26T10:40:47Z fbt:R.E driver

The Role of Lifestyle in Modulating the Gut Microbiome: Lifestyle and Gut Microbiome Muhammad, Noor Saeed, Areeba Ashfaq, Aqsa Shah, Syed Haider Ali Jurrat, Husna Ansar, Waiza Nazir, Zahid Musaddaq, Rabbia Khan, Hubza Ruatt Liaqat, Iram Gut Microbiome Gut Brain Axis Life Style Microbial Diversity Societal Impact The human gut, a dynamic and diverse ecosystem of trillions of microorganisms, plays an essential role in the host's health and disease. This review explores the influence of lifestyle choices like diet, stress, physical activity, and environmental factors on gut microbiome and their broader societal implications. Studies have reported that plant-based and Mediterranean diets enhance microbial diversity. At the same time, a sedentary lifestyle, chronic stress, processed foods, and alcohol consumption badly impact on the gut microbial composition and lead to many diseases like dysbiosis, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases. Geographic and ethnic factors also influence the gut microbiome. The consumption of fermented food and a diet high in fiber has a positive impact on the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome also has many societal implications, and the targeted intervention can help to reduce economic losses and public health costs and improve the overall health of everyone. This comprehensive review focuses on the links between lifestyle, gut microbiome, and societal well-being and suggests integrative strategies to promote sustainable health practices. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/155 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.155 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 10-20 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i1 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/155/110 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.155.g110 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/157 2025-12-08T09:11:33Z fbt:O.A driver

Antioxidant Profiling of Rice Varieties for Use as Therapeutic Diet: Antioxidant Profiling of Rice Varieties Kanita, . Ansari, Ibtessam Tahir Khanzada, Beenish Sahito, Mumtaz Ali Ansari, Zainab Abeer Memon, Farah Naz Antioxidant Antioxidant Potentials Phenols Flavonoids Nowadays, despite the production of a large number of new rice cultivars with improved yield and enhanced climate tolerance, the average person's nutritional needs are not being fulfilled. Although rice has higher antioxidant activity, which significantly improves human health. Objectives: To assess secondary metabolite composition and antioxidant potential of various local and mutant rice varieties. Methods: The Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA) in Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan, provided thirteen different rice cultivars. All experiments were carried out three times to find out the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and to analyze the antioxidant potential of rice extracts with various solvents by DPPH, FRAP, Fe2+ chelating activity and OH- radical scavenging activity. Graph-Pad Prism 7.0 was applied for analysis of the data. Results: It was found through the study that mutant rice cultivars differ significantly (p<0.05) from local rice varieties. Rice varieties such as Sonehri Sugdasi, Shandar, and Shua-92 had the highest TPC, while Jajai-77, IRI-6, and Shandar had the highest TFC. Shua-92, Mehak and Shadab were found to be best at their antioxidant potential. Conclusions: It was concluded that mutant rice varieties showed a significant difference from their parent varieties. The study highlights the antioxidant potential as phenolics known for their antioxidant properties, are of interest, with higher consumption linked to reduced cardiovascular and cancer risks. Notable varieties included Sonehri, Sugdasi, Shandar, Shua-92, Jajai-77, RI-6, and Shandar for the highest TPC and TFC, respectively. It was found through the study that mutant rice cultivars differ significantly (p<0.05) from local rice varieties. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/157 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.157 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 04 (October-December Issue); 63-67 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i04 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/157/122 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.157.g122 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/158 2026-03-26T11:26:00Z fbt:O.A driver

Effects of Episodic Administration of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone on Luteinizing Hormone Concentrations and Libido in Pubertal Male Kundhi Buffalo Calves: Effects of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Jamali, Fayaz Hussain Khatri, Pershotam Sajjad, Hira Rubab, Faiza Abro, Rani Ali, Sadaf Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Luteinizing Hormone Libido Buffalo Calves This study investigated the effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration on luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations and libido in pubertal male Kundhi buffalo calves. Objective: To determine the effects of GnRH administration on LH concentrations and libido in pubertal male Kundhi Buffalo calves. Methods: Eight calves, aged 16 months, were divided into two groups: Group A (treatment n=4), administration of GnRH analog (25ug lecirelin) and Group B (control n=4), there is not any administration. Each group consisting of four calves under a semi-intensive management system, the calves were fed a diet including 2 kg/day/calf of cotton seed cake, along with wheat bran, wheat straw, and green fodder, at the Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences. Results revealed a significant temporal change (P < 0.000) in the mean circulating concentration of LH over time after the intramuscular administration of GnRH analog (25ug lecirelin, Fatro®, International) three times.  Results: The LH pulse was highest after the second GnRH dose (29.46±1.828), with significant differences in libido parameters, including mounting activity, erection, and sniffing, between the treatment (Group A) and control (Group B) groups. Statistical analysis revealed significant effects of episodic GnRH administration on both LH concentrations and libido. Conclusion: The episodic administration of GnRH significantly increased LH concentrations and improved libido in pubertal male Kundhi buffalo calves. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/158 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.158 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 33-39 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i1 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/158/114 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.158.g114 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/162 2026-03-26T11:43:04Z fbt:O.A driver

Development of Plant-Based Milk by Combining Sesame Seeds, Pumpkin Seeds, Mango-Flavored Sesame, and Dates Flavored Sesame : Plant-Based Milk by Combining Sesame and Pumpkin Seeds Dar, Saba Nadeem Khalid, Aqsa Aslam, Tazmeen Ahsan, Sheeza Sadaqat, Maryam Batool, Chaman Plant-Based Milk Sesame Seeds Pumpkin Seeds Sensory Evaluation Despite the increased demand for plant-based milk alternatives, there is a lack of sustainable and nutritious options that combine the nutritional benefits of sesame and pumpkin seeds. Objectives: To develop plant-based milk by combining sesame seeds and pumpkin seeds, assess the sensory and nutritional properties by using a hedonic scale and proximate analysis and do a cost analysis of this plant-based milk. Methods: A cross-sectional study took place at the lab of UVAS Lahore, Pakistan. Three samples were developed per 100ml (sesame and pumpkin seeds milk, mango flavored sesame and pumpkin seeds milk and dates flavored sesame and pumpkin seeds milk). Sensory evaluation was done using a hedonic scale. Proximate analysis was also performed to calculate dry matter, crude protein, fat and ash content of the three samples. Results: Date flavor was the most liked sample (40%) rating in appearance, 50% in odor, 50% in taste and 60% in texture. Proximate analysis of the first sample (sesame and pumpkin seeds milk) showed that it contained about 19.17% dry matter, 7.04% crude protein, 2.20% fat and 0.90% ash content. Proximate analysis of the second sample (mango flavor) showed about 13.00% dry matter, 3.60% crude protein, 4.00% fat and 0.46% ash content. Proximate analysis of the third sample (dates flavor) achieved 15.67% dry matter, 3.74% crude protein, 5.00% fat and 0.38% ash content. Conclusions: It was concluded that it is easier to make this plant-based dish using ingredients which are easily available from the local store. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/162 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.162 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 52-57 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i1 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/162/117 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.162.g117 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/163 2026-03-26T11:29:52Z fbt:O.A driver

Utilization of Size Exclusion Chromatography for the Recovery of Microbial Pectinases: Size Exclusion Chromatography for the Recovery of Microbial Pectinases Ullah, Kalim Khiam, Omer Bilal, Muhammad Uddin, Azhar Salar, Talha Ullah, Kaleem Monib, Simeen Monibullah, . Bibi, Husna Misbahullah, . DNS Assay Sephadex G-25 Column Pectinases Size Exclusion Chromatography Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is an effective analytical technique employed for the purification of biomolecules. In size exclusion chromatography (SEC), biomolecules are sorted according to their size. Objectives: To investigate the purification of pectinases from a microbiological source by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). To evaluate the amount of pectinase and total proteins in the collected fractions through measurement and qualitative analysis. Methods: Utilizing Sephadex G-25 as the stationary phase and a 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer with increasing concentrations of NaCl as the mobile phase. Using a 3,5-dinitro-salicylic acid (DNS) assay and a pectin-containing agar plate assay, the existence of pectinases in the fractions that were taken was verified quantitatively and subjectively. Results: The increasing order of salt concentration was 0.15, 0.5, 0.8, 1 and 1.6 M NaCl concentration. At 0.15 and 0.5 M salt concentrations, desired proteins were strongly combined to the stationary phase of the Sequential Injection Chromatography (SIC) column and eluted at the last fraction while at 0.8, 1 and 1.6 M sodium chloride concentration pectinases were eluted in the early fractions as compared to the buffers containing a lower concentration of sodium chloride. Conclusions: It was concluded that the suitable NaCl concentration for the purification of pectinase enzyme through SEC was 0.8 M because at these concentrations pectinases can be separated very short time and at a low cost. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/163 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.163 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 40-45 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i1 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/163/115 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.163.g115 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/164 2025-12-08T09:06:39Z fbt:O.A driver

Ultraviolet and Ethyl Methanesulfonate-Induced Mutagenesis in Aspergillus niger and Salmonella typhi for Enhanced Azoreductase Production in Azo Dyes Bioremediation: Mutagenesis in Aspergillus niger and Salmonella typhi Tariq, Faiza Batool, Dua Rehman, Huda Walait, Manam Azoreductase Azo Dye Degradation Aspergillus niger Salmonella typhi EMS Mutagenesis UV Mutagenesis Bioremediation L-cysteine Enzyme Enhancement Azoreductase, an enzyme capable of degrading toxic industrial azo dyes, holds significant potential for environmental remediation. Objective: To enhance azoreductase production through innovative approaches, addressing the challenge of azo dye persistence in industrial wastewater. Method: Mutagenesis using EMS and UV irradiation was applied to Aspergillus niger and Salmonella typhi, followed by treatment with L-cysteine HCl to enhance azoreductase production. Result: Mutant strains showed significantly higher azoreductase activity and more efficient azo dye degradation than wild types. Conclusions: Mutagenesis is a promising strategy to boost azoreductase production for effective industrial dye bioremediation. Chemical mutagenesis using Ethyl Methane Sulfonate (EMS) (1–6 mM) and physical mutagenesis via UV irradiation (254 nm, 10–120 minutes) were applied to Aspergillus niger and Salmonella typhi to induce mutations. Further enhancement of enzyme production and strain resistance was achieved through treatment with L-cysteine HCl monohydrate. Comparative analysis using spectrophotometry and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy demonstrated increase in azoreductase activity in mutant strains compared to wild strains. Additionally, textile dye degradation tests validated the enzyme’s efficacy for bioremediation. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/164 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.164 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 03 (July-September Issue); 41-55 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i03 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/164/118 10.54393/fbt.v4i03.164.g118 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/165 2025-04-11T08:22:10Z fbt:edt driver

Vaccine Development in Pakistan: Connecting Science and Public Trust Hassan, Amber Creating vaccines in Pakistan shows human ingenuity but also the challenge of building public trust. The biotech field is growing, but limited funding and poor communication is slowing the progress of vaccines in Pakistan. The COVID-19 pandemic showed how crucial vaccines are, but it also exposed gaps in explaining science to people. For Pakistan to lead in biotech, it must link vaccine innovation with public confidence through better dialogue. The polio crisis in Pakistan explains this issue. Pakistan is one of the countries where, polio still exists despite many efforts. Lack of confidence is the problem, not lack of scientific expertise. It is considered that Vaccines cause infertility, which is a false notion. Authorities' health efforts are distrusted by rural populations, which are frequently disregarded. It will be success of science once these social and cultural problems are addressed. The media shapes perceptions and trust of common people. The benefits of vaccines were contradicted by headlines during COVID-19. However, media can also restore trust. Scientists in Punjab who collaborated with local leaders reported a 20% increase in vaccine enrollment in 2021. Not only just facts are built by understanding but also trust. Scientific topics  should not  be the main focus of the media as they are topic of scientists. It can be beneficial to have public conversations with scientists and religious leaders, see production of vaccines process, and encourage participation in science education initiatives in schools. Common platforms and large media sources  must directly address public concerns and exchange knowledgeable viewpoints. Following main actions are needed for Pakistan to become a vaccination leader: 1. Educate scientists on how to clearly communicate their work. Health-related subjects should be accurately covered without any exaggeration. Universities should train students to create effective communication and understanding between labs and societies. Provide immunizations to prevent local diseases, i.e hepatitis and dengue. Make sure trials are transparent by involving local people. This increases confidence and guarantees that solutions address real demands. There must be a team that includes social media, scientists, and religious leaders to solve false images build by people against Science. In order to save lives and establish itself as a global health leader, Pakistan must combine research with attempts to gain trust. Collaboration among specialists, the media, and communities is essential for using scientific advancement for the common good. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/165 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.165 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 01 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i1 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/165/112 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.165.g112 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/166 2026-03-26T10:46:25Z fbt:R.E driver

Genetics of Cotton Fiber Color: Unveiling the Mechanisms and Exploring Gene-Based Approaches for Color Expression: Genetics of Cotton Fiber: Exploring Gene-Based Approaches Anjum, Muhammad Naveed Qureshi, Muqaddas Amna Riaz, Maham Bostani, Rohollah Ahmad, Azka Shabbir, Nida Naturally Colored Cotton Genetics Mechanism Pigment Biosynthesis Color Expression Cotton is a vital natural fiber, and its color significantly impacts its commercial value and marketability. Traditional cotton cultivation focuses on white fibers, but naturally colored cotton (NCC) is gaining attention due to its potential for sustainable and environmentally friendly textile production. This review explores the genetics and molecular mechanisms underlying cotton fiber color, focusing primarily on anthocyanins and gossypol pigments. We discuss the role of key genes involved in pigment biosynthesis and regulatory pathways. Additionally, we analyze the potential of gene-based color expression approaches, including traditional breeding and genetic engineering. We highlight the advantages and limitations of each approach and discuss future research directions for developing NCC varieties with improved fiber quality, yield, and color diversity. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-03-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/166 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.166 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 01 (January-March Issue); 21-26 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i1 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/166/113 10.54393/fbt.v5i1.166.g113 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/167 2026-04-01T09:35:59Z fbt:R.E driver

DNA Vaccines Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease: A Novel Biotechnological Strategy: DNA Vaccines Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Khan, Suliman Ahmad, Muhammad Tauseef Abbas, Bilal Kakar, Ehsan Nasir, Adeel Taj, Muhammad Fayaz Raza, Muhammad Asad Samad, Abdul Raza, Ahmed Abbas, Sanwal Foot-and-Mouth Disease DNA Vaccines Immunological Response Humoral Immunity This review article points out the Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) as a major global animal disease of serious economic importance and limitations of conventional inactivated whole-virus vaccines. It gives DNA vaccine technology as a potential and safer way of achieving immunity by expressing microbial antigens in host cells and thereby eliciting both humoral and cellular immunity responses. The principles and mechanisms of the DNA vaccines are described in the article: antigen presentation, activation of T- T-cells, as well as the functions of adjuvants, the delivery methods, and electroporation, gene gun, and nanoparticles in the increasing of their efficacy.  In addition, it summarizes the advancement in the FMD DNA vaccines against diverse viral proteins such as VP1 and the P1 polyprotein, reviews conducted experimental studies and studies in efficacy trials on animal models and the targeted livestock animal.  CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/167 10.54393/fbt.v5i2.167 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 02-10 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i2 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/167/120 10.54393/fbt.v5i2.167.g120 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/168 2025-12-08T09:11:33Z fbt:O.A driver

Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles from Artemisia Maritima: Characterization and Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties : Green Synthesis of Cu NPs from Artemisia Maritima: Antibacterial Properties Abbasi, Saad Abbasi, Hammad Ahmed Atif, Muhammad Anjum, Muhammad Naveed Rahman, Ubaid Ur Copper Nanoparticles Artemisia Maritima Aqueous Extract Antibacterial Properties Copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) attracted many researchers due to their potential biomedical and pharmacological activities that depend on the shape and size of the nanoparticles. Objective: To extract and characterize nanoparticles from the aqueous extract of the Artemisia maritima plant. Methods: UV-V spectroscopy indicates the presence of Cu NPs with unique optical characteristics. FTIR analysis identified functional groups and chemical bonds in the Cu NPs. XRD analysis revealed a hexagonal crystal structure for the Cu NPs. Antibacterial activity of the synthesized Cu NPs was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The Cu NPs exhibited varying zones of inhibition (ZOI) against different bacterial strains, with the largest ZOI observed against Staphylococcus aureus (20 mm), followed by Bacillus subtilis (19 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16 mm), and Escherichia coli (11 mm). These results highlight the potential of Artemisia maritima-synthesized Cu NPs as antimicrobial agents, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria. Conclusions: Artemisia maritima-mediated Cu NPs offer a promising, green alternative for antimicrobial development, warranting further research for clinical and environmental applications. CrossLinks International Publishers 2024-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/168 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.168 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2024: Volume 04 Issue 04 (October-December Issue); 56-62 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v4i04 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/168/119 10.54393/fbt.v4i04.168.g119 Copyright (c) 2024 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/169 2026-04-01T10:27:19Z fbt:O.A driver

Histopathological Evaluation of Liver Tissue Post-Treatment with Hemostatic Agents in Hyperfibrinolysis-Induced Injury: A Comparative Study: Hemostatic Agents in Hyperfibrinolytic Liver Injury Memon, Hamid Ali Kachiwal, Allah Bux Malhi, Mool Chand Tariq, Mansoor Saleem, Tamseel Liver Trauma Hyperfibrinolysis Hemostatic Agents Surgiflo Tissue Healing Liver trauma complicated by hyperfibrinolysis leads to uncontrolled hemorrhage and systemic coagulopathy, posing significant challenges in clinical management. Objective: To analyze histopathological and clinical changes in hepatic tissue after using hemostatic agents TXA, OCR, and Surgiflo to examine volume of blood loss, duration of blood loss, tissue healing, fibrosis, and inflammation. Methods: A total of 48 rabbits were systematically assigned to four distinct cohorts placing 12 rabbits in each group: Control, Tranexamic Acid (TXA), Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose (ORC), and Surgiflo. Uniform hepatic injuries were surgically induced in all liver specimens. After that, each cohort had the prescribed course of treatment. Time to hemostasis, blood loss volume, D-dimer levels, survival rate, and liver tissue histology were the primary outcomes that were measured. Results: Out of all the groups, Surgiflo had the quickest hemostasis and the least amount of blood loss. The Surgiflo and ORC groups showed better tissue healing, with less fibrosis and mild inflammation, according to histological analysis. The TXA and Control groups, on the other hand, had slower tissue healing and more infiltration of inflammatory cells.  Conclusions:  Surgiflo was found to be the most successful treatment for liver damage with hyperfibrinolysis based on both clinical and histological results. The outcomes validate its application as a dependable choice for reducing hemorrhage and encouraging tissue repair in cases of complicated liver damage. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/169 10.54393/fbt.v5i2.169 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 39-45 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i2 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/169/124 10.54393/fbt.v5i2.169.g124 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs2.fbtjournal.com:article/170 2026-04-01T09:53:49Z fbt:R.E driver

Recent Advances in 3D Bioprinting and Biofabrication: Advances in 3D Bioprinting and Biofabrication Javaid, Fariha Hassan, Malik Hammad Ul Butt, Eman Naveed Shafique, Fariha Khan, Abdul Hassan Pervaiz, Rabia 3Dimensional Bioprinting Biofabrication Regenerative Medicine Tissue Engineering Biomedical technology has gone beyond the limit due to the 3D bioprinting and biofabrication, to create a new regenerative medicine. To explore the advancements in biomedical technology through 3D bioprinting and biofabrication, with a focus on their applications in regenerative medicine and the development of functional tissue and organ constructs. This paper reviewed key bioprinting technologies, bioink components, and advanced biofabrication strategies including nanomaterials and organoid-based methods. The review highlights tissue engineering potential and challenges in biofabrication, emphasizing emerging solutions like 4D bioprinting, organ-on-chip systems, and AI integration. Translating bioprinting advances into clinical therapies demands interdisciplinary collaboration and integration of emerging technologies to overcome current barriers. CrossLinks International Publishers 2025-06-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/170 10.54393/fbt.v5i2.170 Futuristic Biotechnology; 2025: Volume 05 Issue 02 (April-June Issue); 11-17 2959-0981 2959-0973 10.54393/fbt.v5i2 eng https://fbtjournal.com/index.php/fbt/article/view/170/121 10.54393/fbt.v5i2.170.g121 Copyright (c) 2025 Futuristic Biotechnology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 6e254d3de6b592740205cb32401310d3